1. Edible morels from Phylum Basidiomycota
Chapter 21- Fungi
Edible morels from Phylum Basidiomycota

2. 21-1
Kingdom Fungi
eukaryotic
most = sexual/ asexual rep.
classified by rep. structures
mostly multicellular; some unicellular (yeasts: most primitive form of fungi)
cell walls = CHITIN
external, absorptive heterotrophs-release enzymes and break down food externally, then absorb nutrients

3. Structures:
hyphae- subunits of multicellular fungi, cross walls or no cross walls
Mycelium- mass of hyphae; nutrient absorption; contain fruiting body (rep. structure ex: mushroom)

4. 21-1 4 major groups: * “common molds” * sac fungi * club fungi
Sporangia- produce spores; found at the tips of specialized hyphae called sporangiophores
Spores- dispersed by wind or animals; germinate in favorable conditions
4 major groups:
* “common molds”
* sac fungi
* club fungi
* imperfect fungi
Fairy Ring

5. I. Common molds- Zygomycota
21-2
I. Common molds- Zygomycota
A. Life cycle includes zygospores-spore that contains zygotes
Black Bread Mold- Rhizopus stolonifer
B. Rhizoids-root-like hyphae; grow down
Fertilization
C. Stolons-hyphae that runs along surface; will form sporangiophores with sporangia
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction

6. II. Sac-fungi-Ascomycota
21-2
II. Sac-fungi-Ascomycota
A. ascus- sexual rep.structure that contains ascospores
B. conidia- asexual spores
C. yeasts- unicellular; oldest and most primitive fungi; sexual (ascospores) or budding (asexual)

7. Figure 21–6 These cup fungi
are members of the phylum
Ascomycota. In cup fungi, asci lie on the interior surface of the cup. At maturity, the spore-filled asci burst, releasing the spores into the air.

8. 21-2 III. Club-fungi-Basidiomycota
A. Basidium- club-shaped rep. structure; found in the gills that grow on the underside of cap
B. Most complex life cycle of all fungi
C. Ex: Puffball, Stinkhorn, Shelf Fungi, Bird’s Nest Fungus; Jelly Fungi; Mushroom

9. Pigskin Poison Puffball
Fly Agaric
Pigskin Poison Puffball
Orange Jelly
Star Stinkhorn Fungi
Shelf Fungus
Bird’s Nest Fungus

10. 21-2 IV. Deuteromycota- Imperfect Fungi
A. No known mode of sexual rep.
B. Most closely resemble ascomycetes (sac-fungi)
C. Best known:Penicillium; fruit mold/ antibiotics
Penicillium Conidiophores - Orange Peel
Penicillium notatum (Produces Penicillin)

11. B. Decomposers- recycle nutrients in ecosystems
V. Ecology of Fungi
21-3
A. Saprobes (organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter) and parasites
B. Decomposers- recycle nutrients in ecosystems
C. Parasites
1. plants-corn smut, fruit mildews; wheat rust; 15-50% crops lost to fungi from temperate to tropical zones
2. Animals- athlete’s foot/ ringworm (deuteromycete); yeast infections/ thrush (yeast-ascomycete);

12. D.Symbiotic Relationships
21-3
1. Lichens- mutualism between fungi/ algae or fungi/ cyanobacteria
i. fungi= provides minerals/ SA for water absorption; protection for algae; algae or cyanobacteria = make sugar via photosynthesis
ii. drought/ cold resistant = pioneer species
iii. Indicators of air quality- sensitive to air pollution

13. 21-3
2. Mycorrizhae-means ”fungal root”; mutualism b/t fungi/ plant roots
i. 80% of plant species have mycorrizhae
ii. Fungi- increase surface area for water/ mineral absorption; plant roots= offer fungi sugars from photosynthesis.
Basidiomycete w/ angiosperm
Basidiomycete with a conifer.
Mycorrizhae

14. 21-1 The cell walls of fungi are made up of A. chitin. B. hyphae.
C. mycelium.
D. cellulose.

15. 21-1 The part of the mushroom that appears above ground is the
A. mycelium, or main body of the fungus.
B. photosynthetic organ of the fungus.
C. reproductive structure of the fungus.
D. structure used to capture prey.

16. 21-1 The hyphae that make up multicellular fungi are
A. long chains that are several cells thick.
B. thin filaments that are sometimes divided into cells.
C. the fruiting bodies used in reproduction.
D. the structures that grow above ground.

17. 21-1 Most fungi reproduce A. sexually. B. asexually.
C. both sexually and asexually.
D. neither sexually or asexually.

18. 21-1 Sporangia are found at the tips of specialized hyphae called
A. gametangia.
B. mycelia.
C. sporangiophores.
D. sporophytes.

19. 21-2 Fungi grow best in an environment that is A. cool. B. moist.
C. dry.
D. salty.

20. 21-2 Yeasts are A. zygomycetes. B. ascomycetes. C. basidiomycetes.
D. deuteromycetes.

21. 21-2 Penicillium is a(an) A. ascomycete. B. basidiomycete.
C. deuteromycete.
D. zygomycete.

22. 21-2
Sac fungi have a characteristic reproductive structure called a(an)
A. ascus.
B. basidium.
C. budding capsule.
D. sporophyte.

23. 21-2
The basidiospores of club fungi are produced on thin structures called
A. fruiting bodies.
B. buttons.
C. gills.
D. stalks.

24. 21-3 Which of the following is NOT true of fungi?
A. Some of them perform valuable service as decomposers.
B. Some of them have a beneficial association with plants.
C. Some of them can make their own food.
D. Some of them cause serious diseases of plants, animals, and humans.

25. 21-3
Ringworm is caused by a
A.worm.
B. fungus.
C. plant.
D. protist.

26. 21-3 Research on mycorrhizae shows that plants
A. are not dependent on other organisms.
B. are closely related to fungi.
C. may depend on other organisms.
D.are seriously damaged by fungi.

27. 21-3 In a mutualistic relationship A. both partners benefit.
B. one partner benefits.
C. neither partner benefits.
D. neither partners is affected by the other.

28. 21-3 Lichens are symbiotic associations that might be formed between
A. a fungus and an animal.
B. a plant and a bacterium.
C. a cyanobacterium and a plant.
D. a fungus and an alga.