1. Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Section 7 (قسمت هفتم فایل)
Bakhshaee M, MD
Rhinologist, Assistant Prof. MUMS

2. When a high-resolution CT scan has shown the skull base defect, MRI can help define any pathology associated with a CSF leak, e.g., brain, hematoma, CSF.

3. Inverted Papilloma
MRI can complement CT in determining how extensive an inverted papilloma is.
It defines how much of the opacification shown on CT is due to secretions and how much is due to the tumor. This is important in planning surgery if it involves the frontal or maxillary sinus.

4. MR Angiography
MR angiography (MRA) delineates flow within vessels by suppressing the signal from stationary tissue.
It is performed as part of an MR examination and does not necessarily require contrast injection.
MRA provides information with respect to the principal feeding arteries in vascular tumors (such as angiofibromas, hemangiopericytomas, or paragangliomas, and certain metastases) and in vascular lesions (such as angiomas or aneurysms located at the skull base).

5. A negative result on MRA does not definitively rule out a vascular lesion.
A minor amount of flow or the presence of slow flow such as in a capillary hemangioma, esthesioneuroblastoma, and even in an angiofibroma may be invisible to MRA.

6. Digital Subtraction Angiography
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the best method to delineate the vascular supply of a specific anatomical area or lesion
In a lesion (e.g., chordoma or neoplasm) that abuts the internal carotid artery at the foramen lacerum or within the cavernous sinus.
In recurrent epistaxis, DSA may be required as a means to verify the source of repeated hemorrhage.

7. Points to Mention on a CT Request
Write down the provisional diagnosis, e.g., “severe polyposis unresponsive to medical treatment.”
Say why you want the scan, e.g., to define the anatomy before surgery.
Detail what surgery has been done.
Ask for fine cuts if indicated, e.g., in case of a CSF leak or when sagittal reconstruction is needed.
Name the area you want examined, e.g., the frontal recess.
If you suspect a tumor, say so and ask for a contrast study.

8. Preoperative Check list

9. what should you do before operating?
Minimize the amount of surgical manipulation required.
Preserve as much olfactory mucosa as possible.
Reduce peroperative bleeding to reduce the likelihood of complications.
Work out the surgical anatomy in order to minimize the chance of entering the orbit or skull base.
Set clear goals for yourself and your patient

10. The Preoperative Checklist
Confirm the diagnosis.
Review previous medical treatment.
Optimize the immediate preoperative condition.
Check that relevant investigations have been done ( Allergy tests, Immune status, Hematological parameters, Olfaction, Vision)
Review the relevant medical history, e.g., drug allergies, medication.
Preoperative CT checklist.
Planning and staging the procedure.
Informed consent.

11. Vision
Left enophthalmos due to silent sinus syndrome— involution of the maxillary sinus with collapse of its roof

12. The loss of color discrimination, particularly of red, is a worrying symptom of pressure on the optic nerve, and this requires urgent treatment.
For any orbital surgery, e.g., orbital decompression, an ophthalmological assessment is required.
It is alarming if a unilaterally enlarged is noticed during or after surgery.

13. Preoperative CT Checklist
Like an airline pilot before preparing for take-off, you must go through a systematic check of the CT scanvbefore surgery so as to avoid the surgical equivalent ofva crash.

14. Step 1.
When placing the scans on the viewing box, orientate the scan sequence from anterior to posterior and ensure that the sides are marked and placed as though as you are looking at the patient.
Follow the cuts anterior to posterior; follow the septum, note any deviation, and look for the size and extent of the ethmoidal bulla, which is a relatively consistent landmark.

15. A polyp arising from the lamella lateralis

16. Step 2.
Examine the lamina papyracea, uncinate process, and middle turbinate.

17. Variations of the position of the cribriform plate

18. Localize the uncinate process (arrow) from its free margin posteriorly and follow it anteriorly and upward

19. A key aspect of frontal recess surgery is to define the insertion of the uncinate process as this may also “guard” anterior access to the frontal recess by forming a web if it attaches to the skull base or middle turbinate

20. The uncinate process insertion

21. An absent middle turbinate

22. Hypoplasia of the maxillary sinuses

23. Left infraorbital cell

24. Step 3.
Examine the area of the frontal recess. The frontal recess lies anterior and superior to the ethmoid bulla.

25. Bilateral bulla frontalis

26. Bulla frontalis and the start of agger nasi cells below

27. Bilateral suprabullar recesses and supraorbital cells

28. Anterior ethmoid artery

29. Step 4.
Determine the height of the skull base

30. Asymmetrical skull base

31. Step 5.
Examine the sphenoid sinus

32. Dehiscent optic nerve (+) and carotid artery (*)

33. Informed Consent The following issues need to be addressed.
What are the options available to the patient?
Specifically what would happen if no surgery were undertaken?
What is the patient’s prognosis with the various treatment strategies?
What does the surgery involve?
What are the complications of surgery?
This should include complications occurring more frequently than 1 in 100, and severe complications even if they are rare.

34. Patient Consent and Information

35. How much do we need to explain to our patients to properly gain their consent?
The surgeon may feel that mentioning complications to the patient will frighten them unnecessarily, but it is possible to mention even serious complications in the right context without causing alarm, and it is our duty to do so.

36. Patients need to: Understand their diagnosis
Understand the context of their symptoms in the light of their diagnosis
Understand the principles of the surgical procedure
Be informed about complications even if they are rare
Be informed about what they can expect in the postoperative period: the healing process, the symptoms they can expect, the medical therapy they should take, and the need for time off work

37. Time Off Work
Rest:
After minor surgery, such as a limited anterior ethmoidectomy: one week
If they work in dusty or smoky environment, this should be extended by a further week
Patients who have had more extensive sinus surgery are advised to take 2 weeks off work.

38. Advice about Flying Fly :
Some authorities have advised that it is wise to wait up to 6 weeks after surgery,
if patients are able to do a Valsalva maneuver

39. Complications
Our aim is to inform the patient without alarming them unnecessarily
We say that the reported risk of any moderate or serious complication is approximately 0.5% to 1%
On reviewing the world literature on the prevalence of complications associated with endoscopic sinus surgery, it is worth mentioning that these are no more common than with conventional surgery

40. Conventional technique Endoscopic technique 2−8% 4−6% 0.9−2.65%
Complications
Conventional technique
Endoscopic technique
Adhesions
2−8%
4−6%
Bleeding
0.9−2.65%
0.48−0.6%
Periorbital bruising
0.4−7%
0.4−1.3%
Nasolacrimal injury
0.1%
0−0.5%
CSF leak
0.1−0.6%
0.07−0.9%
Anosmia
0.4%
Frontal mucocele
Unknown
0.08%
Retro-orbital hemorrhage
0.3−3.4%
0−0.4%
Extraocular muscle damage
Optic nerve injury
0.007%
Pneumocephalus
Meningitis
Carotid artery injury

41. Specific Complications

42. External Incision
When undertaking frontal recess surgery, and in particular revision surgery, or when a median drainage procedure is planned, it is worth mentioning the possibility of the need for an external incision
For vascular tumors of the lateral nasal wall, such as an angiofibroma, it is important to mention that an external approach such as a lateral rhinotomy or midfacial degloving may be required.

43. Inverted Papilloma
In the case of accompanied SCC; more radical procedure may be required.
The surgeon should aim to remove all the diseased mucosa there is an increased risk of stenosis, particularly in the frontal recess.
The incidence of recurrent disease is as high as 30%.

44. Local Osteitis
A rare complication is local osteitis caused by exposure of bone.
It produces a dull, severe nagging ache that lasts for 10 days before abating.
Major analgesics are required, and local treatment appears to provide little help.

45. Infection
Infection following surgery is rare and can be minimized by giving perioperative antibiotics when purulent disease is present.

46. Surgical emphysema
Caused by air being forced through a defect in the lamina papyracea, is avoided if the surgeon advises the patient not to blow their nose or to stifle sneezes for 4 days after surgery

47. Visual Complications
If a patient has significant proptosis or displacement of the axis of their pupils due to paranasal sinus disease (e.g., a mucocele), they may have adapted slowly to these changes over several weeks and not have any diplopia.
Occasionally, patients may have some temporary diplopia after surgery when this displacement is suddenly corrected, and it is worth mentioning this before surgery

48. Diplopia in orbital decompression
Patients who undergo orbital decompression are at an increased risk of diplopia, although maintaining the medial−inferior strut of bone between the medial wall and floor of the orbit minimizes this risk.

49. Recurrent Polyposis
When counseling a patient with nasal polyposis associated with late-onset asthma or aspirin sensitivity, it is wise to mention that, in spite of good surgery and postoperative medical treatment, the majority of patients will have a recurrence of their polyps

50. Perioperative Aids

51. Local anesthesia
General anesthesia
Operating room setup
Ancillary staff
Camera-guided surgery
Instruments
Computer-aided surgery

52. Local Anesthesia A day-stay procedure
Encouraging preservation of mucosa
There is less peroperative bleeding
It is possible to monitor vision

53. General Anesthesia
It is possible to access areas that are not readily anaesthetized with local anesthetic
The surgeon is freed from worrying about patient feels discomfort
If bleeding is moderate or marked, it can be sucked out as the patient is not distressed
In infected cases, local anesthetic works poorly
The patient is unaware of unpleasant sensations

54. Operating Room Setup Operating Table Surgeon’s Seat
Position of the Anesthetist

55. Setup for One Surgeon

56. Setup for Two Surgeons

57. Video Stack/Cameras
The screen should be positioned at a level that makes the surgeon raise their head just a little, as this will encourage good posture

58. Cables
Cables can get in the way and their weight can tire the surgeon.
The light cable and camera lead should be clipped to the drapes so that their weight going to the stack does not pull on the surgeon’s supporting hand
It is important that the scrub nurse gives and takes each set of instruments so that they are kept separate and do not become entangled.

59. Lighting
For optimal viewing, the screen should have a relatively dim background

60. Radiograph Screen
The CT scans must be placed in order on a screen for the surgeon to inspect before and during the procedure

61. Instruments

62. Endoscopes
The majority of surgery is best done using a 0° 4mm endoscope, which allows good illumination. Even in a child or a narrow nose it is easier to operate with this than with a 2.7mm scope.
Most of the paranasal sinuses can be visualized with a 0° scope, with the exception of the lateral, medial, and inferior walls of the maxillary sinus.
It is best to do as much surgery as possible using the 0° scope.

63. Endoscopes
Even the frontal recess can be approached using a 0° scope, but you need to remove the front of any agger nasi air cells.
A 45° scope provides superior access and visibility that helps conserve mucosa around the frontal recess.

64. Camera Systems
The three-chip camera gives a superlative image that allows detailed surgery of the paranasal sinuses.
A good camera and light source are required because redness of bleeding from the rich blood supply to the nose absorbs much of the light and it is difficult to get definition and a sense of depth with a poor image.

65. Point
Operating with the naked eye down an endoscope does provide a good image.
There is, however, a dear price to be paid for this, and that is that the operator may develop neck problems over time.

66. Suckers

67. Curved Olive-ended Suckers

68. Ball Probes

69. Curettes

70. Blakesley Forceps

71. Through-cutting Instruments

72. Rhinoforce Stammberger Antrum Punch (“Back-biters”)

73. Hajek−Kofler (Rotating) Punch

74. Stammberger Cutting Mushroom Punch

75. Freer Elevator

76. Sickle Knife

77. Belluci and Zurich Scissors

78. Stammberger Side-biting Punch Forceps

79. Heuwieser Antrum Grasping Forceps

80. Giraffe forceps
Anterior-posterior
Side-grasping

81. Powered Shavers

82. Drill

83. Unipolar Suction Diathermy

84. Bipolar Suction Diathermy

85. Computer-aided Surgery