1. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE Closing the Diesel Divide Protecting Public Health and the Environment from Diesel Air Pollution

2. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE Why is Diesel Exhaust Dangerous? Diesel exhaust is ubiquitous Diesel exhaust is ubiquitous It always contains both particulate matter and a complex mixture of hundreds of gases, many of which are known or suspected to cause cancer. It always contains both particulate matter and a complex mixture of hundreds of gases, many of which are known or suspected to cause cancer.

3. Acetaldehyde * ChlorineMethyl ethyl ketone AcroleinChlorobenzeneNaphthalene * AluminumChromium compounds * Nickel * AmmoniaCobalt compounds * 4-nitrobiphenyl * Aniline * CopperPhenol Antimony compounds * CresolPhosphorus Arsenic * Cyanide compoundsPOM (including PAHs) BariumDibenzofuranPropionaldehyde Benzene * DibutylphthalateSelenium compounds * Beryllium compounds * Ethyl benzeneSilver BiphenylFormaldehyde * Styrene * Bis [2-ethylhexyl]phthalate * HexaneSulfuric acid BromineLead compounds * Toluene * 1,3-butadiene * Manganese compoundsXylene isomers and mixtures Cadmium * Mercury compounds * Zinc Chlorinated dioxins * Methanol * This compound or class of compounds is known by the state of California to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. See California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, “Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity,” May 31, 2002. Note: Toxic air contaminants on this list either have been identified in diesel exhaust or are presumed to be in the exhaust, based on observed chemical reactions or presence in the fuel or oil. See California Air Resources Board, “Toxic Air Contaminant Identification List Summaries, Diesel Exhaust,” September 1997, available online at http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/factshts/diesex.pdf. http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/factshts/diesex.pdf Hazardous Components of Diesel More than 40 constituents of diesel exhaust are listed by either the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the California Air Resources Board as hazardous air pollutants or toxic air contaminants.

4. AgencyYearDetermination National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1988Potential occupational carcinogen International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)1989Probable human carcinogen State of California (under provisions of Proposition 65)1990Known by the state to cause cancer Health Effects Institute (HEI)1995Potential to cause cancer World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety (WHO-IPCS) 1996Probable human carcinogen California Air Resources Board (CARB)1998Toxic air contaminant (determination based substantially on the cancer risk to humans) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program (U.S. DHHS/NTP) 2000Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogen American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (proposed) 2001Suspected human carcinogen U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2002Likely to be carcinogenic to humans National and International Public Health Bodies Have Consistently Determined that Diesel Exhaust is a Probable or Likely Carcinogen

5. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE EPA Findings on the Dangers of Diesel Exhaust In 2002, EPA completed its years-long comprehensive review of the potential health effects from ambient exposure to exhaust from diesel engines, and came to the following conclusion: In 2002, EPA completed its years-long comprehensive review of the potential health effects from ambient exposure to exhaust from diesel engines, and came to the following conclusion: Available evidence indicates that there are human health hazards associated with exposure to diesel exhaust. The hazards include acute exposure-related symptoms, chronic exposure-related noncancer respiratory effects, and lung cancer. EPA also found that diesel exhaust “is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation and that this hazard applies to environmental exposure conditions.” EPA also found that diesel exhaust “is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation and that this hazard applies to environmental exposure conditions.” EPA concluded in its National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment that “diesel exhaust ranks with the other substances that the national-scale assessment suggests pose the greatest relative risk.” EPA concluded in its National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment that “diesel exhaust ranks with the other substances that the national-scale assessment suggests pose the greatest relative risk.”

6. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE Rising Air Pollution Diesel engines in construction, surface mining and industrial equipment, farm equipment, and commercial marine vessels are a significant local and national source of pollution. Diesel engines in construction, surface mining and industrial equipment, farm equipment, and commercial marine vessels are a significant local and national source of pollution. PM emissions and NOx emissions from the nonroad sector have risen over the past two decades. PM emissions and NOx emissions from the nonroad sector have risen over the past two decades.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE Nonroad PM Exceeds Onroad Depending on operating conditions, fuel quality and emission controls, light-duty diesel engines and heavy-duty diesel engines can emit 50 to 80 times and 100 to 200 times, respectively, more particle mass than typical catalytically equipped gasoline-powered engines.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE High Sulfur Content of Nonroad Diesel Fuel Highway Diesel: 500ppm sulfur now 15ppm sulfur 2006Highway Diesel: 500ppm sulfur now 15ppm sulfur 2006 Nonroad Diesel: 3300ppm sulfur now (outside of California)Nonroad Diesel: 3300ppm sulfur now (outside of California) Means high SO2 and interferes with NOx and PM control technologyMeans high SO2 and interferes with NOx and PM control technology

9. Ozone data: 1998-2000 (primarily) PM 2.5 Data: 1999-2001 file=o300pm01 6/20/02e Areas Not Meeting the 8-Hour Ozone or PM-2.5 Standards PM-2.5 Area Only 8-hr Ozone and PM-2.5 Area 8-hr Ozone Area Only Total: 375 counties, 113 million Additional Counties in CMSA: 244 counties, 48 million Not Meeting Std: 131 counties, 65 million PM-2.5 Total: 628 counties, 175 million Additional Counties in CMSA: 287 counties, 51 million Not Meeting Std: 341 counties, 124 million 8-hour Ozone

11. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE POLLUTING SCENIC VISTAS

12. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE EPA ’ s Proposal is Important But Key Issues Remain Ultra low sulfur diesel fuel not required until 2010, which means pollution control technology-based engine standards can not begin until 2011 model year. 8 years is too long to wait. Ultra low sulfur diesel fuel not required until 2010, which means pollution control technology-based engine standards can not begin until 2011 model year. 8 years is too long to wait. Large and small engines must meet same rigorous standards, especially mining equipment. Large and small engines must meet same rigorous standards, especially mining equipment. At a minimum, EPA ’ s proposal should require 15ppm fuel for locomotive and marine sectors and should commit to an immediate rulemaking to establish enhanced engine standards for these sectors. At a minimum, EPA ’ s proposal should require 15ppm fuel for locomotive and marine sectors and should commit to an immediate rulemaking to establish enhanced engine standards for these sectors.

13. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE State and Local Governments Can Make a Difference Contract specifications, e.g., Big Dig, NYC ( “ best available retrofit technology ” ). Contract specifications, e.g., Big Dig, NYC ( “ best available retrofit technology ” ). In-use restrictions and anti-idling programs. In-use restrictions and anti-idling programs. Programs to encourage voluntary retrofits, repowers and clean engine purchase, e.g., Carl Moyer, TX. Programs to encourage voluntary retrofits, repowers and clean engine purchase, e.g., Carl Moyer, TX. State low sulfur diesel fuel programs, e.g., TX. State low sulfur diesel fuel programs, e.g., TX. Procurement and maintenance of government Equipment. Procurement and maintenance of government Equipment.

14. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE The Diesel Generator Loophole Diesel generators: Currently not subject to any federal emission standard or fuel content requirements at all.Diesel generators: Currently not subject to any federal emission standard or fuel content requirements at all. – Texas program – California program

15. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE The Diesel Divide The 3300ppm sulfur levels for nonroad diesel are 200 times higher than the 15ppm for highway diesel that takes effect in 2006The 3300ppm sulfur levels for nonroad diesel are 200 times higher than the 15ppm for highway diesel that takes effect in 2006 A medium-sized construction engine manufactured in 2007 will be allowed to release 30 times as much PM as a model year 2007 diesel truck or busA medium-sized construction engine manufactured in 2007 will be allowed to release 30 times as much PM as a model year 2007 diesel truck or bus Fuel for diesel locomotives and commercial marine vessels has no sulfur content limit and these engines are subject to mediocre emission standardsFuel for diesel locomotives and commercial marine vessels has no sulfur content limit and these engines are subject to mediocre emission standards Stationary diesel generators are not subject to any federal emission or fuel content standardsStationary diesel generators are not subject to any federal emission or fuel content standards

16. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE Closing the Divide: A Clean, Healthy Air Legacy