1. PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER DR.JOYDEEP DAS.M.D. DR.B.BOROOAH CANECR INSTITUTE GOPINATH NAGAR, GUWAHATI

2. INTRODUCTION  CANCER IS PREVENTABLE  80 – 90% CANCER ARE DUE TO OUR HABITS AND ACTIVITIES  CANCER INVOLVES ALMOST EVERY PARTS OF THE BODY  CANCER CELLS MULTIPLY IN AN UNCONTROLLABLE & HAPAZARD MANNER

3. SCENARIO  CANCER IS THE CAUSE OF 12% OF ALL DEATHS  IN INDIA 1.5 – 2 MILLION ESTIMATED CANCER CASES AT ANY POINT OF TIME  EVERY YEAR 8 LAKHS NEW CASES ARE DETECTED IN INDIA  EVERY YEAR 5.5 LAKHS CANCER PATIENTS DIE IN OUR COUNTRY

4. FACTS ABOUT CANCER  70 – 80 % CANCER CASES ARE DETECTED AT LATE STAGE WHEN TREATMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE  EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER HELPS IN COMPLETE CURE OF SOME CANCER  PREVENTION BY TAKING SOME PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IS THE BEST WAY TO PREVENT CANCER

5. CAUSES - TOBACCO  CIGARETTE SMOKING IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER  SMOKING MAY BE – ACTIVE OR PASSIVE – BOTH ARE HARMFUL  CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO IN FORM OF KHAINI, ZARDA AND GHUTKA ALSO CAUSES CANCER  TOBACCO NOT ONLY CAUSES CANCER BUT ALSO OTHER DISEASES

6. CAUSES – BETELNUT  BETELNUT CONTAINS CARCINOGENS  THE NUTS KEPT BURRIED IN THE GROUND FOR LOND PERIOD LEADS TO THE GROWTH OF FUNGUS WHICH IS CARCINOGENIC  PEOPLE CONSUMING BETELNUT ALSO HAVE THE HABIT OF CONSUMING TOBACCO

7. CAUSES - ALCOHOL  ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION LEADS TO CANCER OF ORAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, LIVER  PEOPLE WHO DRINK ALSO SMOKES FURTHER INCREASING THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER

8. CAUSES – FAT/FIBRE  HIGH INTAKE OF FAT (ANIMAL) INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER (BREAST AND COLON)  DIETARY FIBRE OF PLANT ORIGIN HAS A PROTECTIVE ROLE AGAINST CANCER

9. CAUSES – BARBEQUED FOOD  HIGH FAT AND HIGH PROTEIN FOOD WHEN GRILLED AT HIGH TEMPARATURE PRODUCES A CHEMICAL KNOWN TO BE HAVING CARCINOGENIC EFFECT  HIGHLY BROWN AND CHARRED FOOD HAS CANCER CAUSING COMPOUNDS

10. CAUSES - POLLUTION  AIR POLLUTION – MAY ALSO CAUSE CANCER (ASBESTOS)  INDUSTRIAL WORKERS ARE EXPOSED TO VARIOUS CHEMICALS WHICH ARE KNOWN TO BE CARCINOGEN

11. CAUSES – WATER POLLUTION  WATER MAY CONTAIN A NUMBER OF CANCER CAUSING SUBSTANCE AS THE INDUSTRIES DUMP CHEMICAL DIRECTLY INTO WATER OR BURRY THEM IN THE GROUND

12. CAUSES – X-RAY  X-RAYS MAY STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER  REPEATED X-RAYS SHOULD BE AVOIDED  X-RAY DONE ON PREGNANT WOMEN MAY INCREASE THE FREQUENCY OF CHILDHOOD CANCER

13. CAUSES - VIRUS  CERTAIN VIRUSES MAY CAUSE CANCER  THESE VIRUSES ARE – HEPATITIS –B & C, EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS, HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS, CMV. Etc.  THESE VIRUSES CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY BLOOD TRANSFUSION, USE OF CONTAMINATED NEEDLES, FROM MOTHER TO CHILD DURING PREGNANCY OR BREAST FEEDING AND THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

14. CAUSES - HERIDITY  FEW CANCER LIKE RETINOBLASTOMA (EYE), COLON CANCER ARISING FROM GENETICALLY CAUSED POLYPS  EVEN BREAST CANCER AND ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

15. EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER  CANCER DEVELOPS IN THE BODY VERY SILENTLY  UNTIL IT COMES TO CERTAIN STAGE PATIENTS LEAD A NORMAL LIFE WITHOUT ANY COMPLAINTS  INITIALLY IT PRODUCES MILD SMPTOMS AS FOUND IN OTHER AILMENTS

16. WHY EARLY DETECTION IS IMPORTANT ?  DISEASE DETECTED AT EARLY STAGE PRODUCES BETTER RESULTS ON TREATMENT AND EVEN CURE  ADVANCED DISEASE SHOWS POOR RESULT ON TREATMENT  ADVANCED DISEASE LEADS TO FINANCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BURDEN

17. HOW TO DETECT DISEASE EARLY SEVEN DANGER SIGNALS  CHANGE IN BLADDER & BOWEL HABITS  SORE THROAT NOT HEALING  UNUSUAL BLEEDING OR DISCHARGE  THICKENING OR LUMP IN BREAST OR ANYWHERE  INDIGESTION AND DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING  OBVIOUS CHANGE IN WAT OR MOLE  NAGGING COGH OR HOARSENESS OF VOICE

18. LARYNGEAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS  PERSISTENT HOARSENESS  SORENESS IN RHE NECK  FELLING OF HAVING A LUMP IN THE THROAT  DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOEING RISK FACTORS – TOBACCO CONSUMPTION AND ALCOHOL INTAKE

19. ORAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS  PERSISTENT WHITE OR RED PATCHES, USUALLY PAINLESS  ANY PERSISTENT LUMP OR SWELLING RISK FACTORS – TOBACCO CONSUMPTION AND ALCOHOL INTAKE

21. LUNG CANCER – WARNING SIGNS  CHRONIC COUGH  COUGHING OUT OF BLOOD  CHANGE IN THE VOICE  CHEST PAIN  SHORTNESS OF BREATH RISK FACTORS – SMOKING, EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS, COAL TAR DERIVATIVES AND RADIATION

22. BREAST CANCER – WARNING SIGNS  FIRM LUMP  SMALL CHANGES IN THE NIPPLE  DISCHARGE FROM THE NIPPLE RISK FACTORS – EARLY MENSTRUATION LATE MENOPAUSE FIRST CHILD AFTER 35 YRS OF AGE CHILDLESSNESS FAMILY HISTORY - BREAST CANCER HIGH FAT & LOW FIBRE DIET

25. CERVICAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS  ABNORMAL BLEEDING BETWEEN PERIODS  BLEEDING AFTER INTERCOURSE  PROLONGED HEAVY BLEEDING DURING MENSTRUATION RISK FACTORS - FREQUENT SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AT AN EARLY AGE, MULTIPLE SEX PARTNERS, MANY CHILDREN

26. COLORECTAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS  BLOOD IN STOOL  FEELING OF BEING BLOATED  CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS  CONSTIPATION

27. COLORECTAL CANCER – RISK FACTORS  AGE OVER 40  FAMILY HISTORY  H/O INFALMATORY BOWEL DISEASE  FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS  PAST H/O OF BREAST OR OTHER REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN CANCER IN FEMALE  HIGH CONSUMPTION OF RED MEAT AND LOW FIBRE DIET

28. ESOPHAGEAL CANCER – WARNING SIGNS  DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING  RECURRENT INDIGESTION RISK FACTORS  SMOKING  ALCOHOL  DEFICIENCY OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS

29. MODALITIES OF TREATMENT  SURGERY  RADIOTHERAPY  CHEMOTHERAPY

30. TREATMENT - SURGERY  OLDEST TREATMENT  LOTS OF ADVANCEMENT HAVE TAKEN PLACE OVER LAST FEW YEARS  SURGERY HAS ROLE IN PREVENTION OF CANCER – REMOVAL OF NON- VITAL ORGAN  DIAGNOSIS – ASPIRATION, BIOPSY, LAPAROTOMY

31. TREATMENT - RADIOTHERAPY  WIDELY USED  TELETHERAPY – WHEN THE TUMOR IS AT A DISTANCE FROM THE SOURCE, THESE INCLUDE – COBALT- 60 AND LINEAR ACCELERATOR  BRACHTHERAPY – SOURCE OF RADIATION IS CLOSE TO THE TUMOR OR WITHIN THE TUMOR

32. TREATMENT - CHEMOTHERAPY  CHEMOTHERAPY MEANS TREATMENT OF CANCER WITH DRUGS  CHEMOTHERAPY INTEREFERS WITH CELL DIVISION  USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH RADIATION OR SURGERY

33. NEWER TREATMENTS  IMMUNOTHERAPY  GENE THERAPY

34. THANK YOU