1. Congressional Request “Limiting the Magnitude Of Future Climate Change” Webinar for Chevron Corporation By Professor Marilyn A. Brown Georgia Institute of Technology and Co-Chair of the “Limiting” Panel June 28, 2010

3. The National Academies  A private, non-profit organization charged to provide advice to the Nation on science, engineering, and medicine.  National Academy of Sciences (NAS) chartered in 1863; National Academy of Engineering ( NAE) and Institute of Medicine (IOM) added later. The National Research Council (NRC) is the operating arm of the NAS, NAE, and IOM. NAENASIOM NRC

4. The National Academies  Study committees produce consensus reports on a wide range of topics.  Committees are composed of experts who serve pro bono, carefully chosen for expertise, balance, and objectivity  All reports go through stringent peer-review and must be approved by both the study committee and the institution.

5. Request from Congress The Department of Commerce Appropriations Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-161) calls for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to execute an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences to: “…investigate and study the serious and sweeping issues relating to global climate change and make recommendations regarding what steps must be taken and what strategies must be adopted in response to global climate change, including the science and technology challenges thereof.”

6.  limit the magnitude of climate change  adapt to the impacts of climate change  advance the science of climate change  inform effective decisions about climate change A final report (of a committee composed of the panel Chairs and vice-Chairs, plus others) will offer advice on response strategies that look across these different realms. Four Panel were established, to address what can be done to:

7. Charge to the ‘Limiting’ Panel The Panel will describe, analyze, and assess strategies for reducing the net future human influence on climate, including both technology and policy options. The Panel will focus on actions to reduce domestic greenhouse gas emissions and other human drivers of climate change (such as changes in land use), but will also consider the international dimensions of climate stabilization.

8. Panel Membership Robert Fri (Chair), Resources for the Future Marilyn Brown (Vice Chair), Georgia Institute of Technology Doug Arent, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Ann Carlson, UCLA Majora Carter, Majora Carter Group Leon Clarke, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Francisco de la Chesnaye, Electric Power Research Institute George Eads, Charles Rivers Assoc. Genevieve Giuliano, University of Southern California Andrew Hoffman, University of Michigan Robert Keohane, Princeton University Loren Lutzenhiser, Portland State Univ. Bruce McCarl, Texas A&M University Mack McFarland, DuPont Mary Nichols, CA Air Resource Board Edward Rubin, Carnegie Mellon Univ. Thomas Tietenberg, Colby College (Ret.) James Trainham III, Sundrop Fuels, Inc.

9. Take home messages A robust U.S. response to climate change requires:  Prompt, sustained efforts to reduce GHG emissions  An inclusive national framework for aligning the goals and efforts of actors at all levels  Adaptable management of policy responses

10. Target: limiting global mean temperature increase (e.g., 2 deg, 3 deg) Target: limiting global atmospheric GHG concentrations (e.g., 450ppm, 550 ppm) Target: limiting global GHG emissions (e.g. global emission budget, or percent reduction) Target: limiting U.S. GHG emissions (e.g. national emission budget, or percent reduction) What is a ‘safe’ amount of climate change? How does GHG concentration translate into global temperature change and other key impacts? How does a given level of emissions translate into atmospheric GHG concentrations? What is a ‘reasonable’ share of U.S. emission reductions relative to the global targets? Setting Goals

11. Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) A recently-published effort of 10 of the world’s leading Integrated Assessment Models that relates global GHG concentration goals to U.S. emission budget goals (emf.stanford.edu/research/emf22/)emf.stanford.edu/research/emf22/ America’s Energy Future (AEF) An NRC series of studies that examined the technical potential for expanding use of efficiency, renewable electricity and fuels, CCS, and nuclear energy. ( www.nationalacademies.org/energy) www.nationalacademies.org/energy To suggest a reasonable emissions budget range and test its feasibility, the panel drew upon:

12. We suggest that the U.S. establish a ‘budget’ for cumulative GHG emissions over a set period of time. We do not recommend a specific budget number, but offer a ‘representative’ budget range of: 170 - 200 gigatons (Gt) of CO 2 -eq for 2012 - 2050. Business-as-usual emissions would consume this budget well before 2050. Emissions Budget

13. Based on analyses by the Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) and America’s Energy Future (AEF), we conclude that an emissions budget in the 170–200 Gt CO 2 -eq range could be technically possible, but very difficult. Within the electric power and transportation sectors, essentially all available options would need to be deployed at levels close to what has been estimated as technically possible. These estimates, however, are based on some very optimistic assumptions THUS, there is a need to aggressively pursue all major near-term emission reduction opportunities AND support R&D for creating new options.

14. Estimating economic impact (cost) of emissions reductions through 2050 are sensitive to:  Timing of emissions reductions  Availability of advanced technology  Availability and price of international offsets Early start and strong R&D program could mitigate economic impacts (i.e., reduce total cost) Limiting the Magnitude of Future Climate Change

15. Projected price of CO 2 emissions under two scenarios: REFERENCE: continue historical rates of technology improvement ADVANCED: more rapid technological change Indicates that the availability of advanced technologies can greatly lower the costs of emission reductions. Economic Impact

16. Options to reduce CO 2 emissions -Reduce demand for goods & services requiring energy -Improve the efficiency with which energy is used -Expand the use of low- and zero- carbon energy sources -Capture and sequester CO 2 directly from the atmosphere

17. 1. Adopt a mechanism for setting an economy-wide carbon pricing system. 2. Complement the carbon price with policies to:  realize the practical potential for energy efficiency and low-emission energy sources in the electric and transportation sectors;  establish the feasibility of carbon capture and storage and new nuclear technologies;  accelerate the retirement, retrofitting or replacement of GHG emission-intensive infrastructure. 3. Create new technology choices by investing heavily in research and crafting policies to stimulate innovation. Core Recommendations

18. 4. Consider potential equity implications when designing and implementing climate change limiting policies, with special attention to disadvantaged populations. 5. Establish the United States as a leader to stimulate other countries to adopt GHG reduction targets. 6. Enable flexibility and experimentation with policies to reduce GHG emissions at regional, state, and local levels. 7. Design policies that balance durability and consistency with flexibility and capacity for modification as we learn from experience. Core Recommendations (cont…)

19. -- A price on GHG emissions (through cap-and-trade, taxes, or a hybrid of the two) creates incentives for emission reductions and markets for low-emission technologies. A cap-and-trade system would be particularly compatible with the concept of an emissions budget, and perhaps more durable over time. -- Evidence suggests that economic efficiency is best served by avoiding free emission allowances and having a system that is economy-wide rather than limited to particular sectors. -- Domestic and international offsets can serve useful purposes, but only if adequate certification, monitoring, and verification of emission reductions are possible. 1. Adopt an economy-wide carbon pricing system

20. Even with a strong carbon pricing system, timely emission reductions can be inhibited by many barriers. Complimentary policies are needed to focus on: (i) Assuring rapid progress with near-term, high-leverage emission reduction opportunities for producing electricity (i.e. - increase energy efficiency and use of low GHG electricity generation options such as renewables; advance full-scale demonstration for CCS and new nuclear power) (ii) Advancing efficiency and low GHG-emitting technologies in the transportation sector (iii) Accelerating the retirement, retrofitting, or replacement of emissions-intensive infrastructure. 2. Complement the carbon pricing system.

21. Significantly increase both government and private- sector funding for energy R&D Establish and expand markets for low-GHG technologies and more rapidly bring new technologies to commercial scale Foster workforce development and training Improve understanding of how social and behavioral dynamics interact with technology. 3. Create new technology choices

23. Disadvantaged groups likely to suffer disproportionately from adverse impacts of climate change may also be adversely affected by policies to limit climate change. Monitor and consider options for minimizing adverse impacts on these groups (e.g., providing relief from higher energy prices; actively engaging these communities in planning efforts). Major changes to our nation’s energy system will inevitably lead to job gains in some sectors and regions, and losses in others. We can smooth this transition through targeted support for educational, training, and retraining programs 4. Consider equity implications when designing and implementing climate change limiting policies.

24. U.S. emissions reductions alone are not sufficient for limiting future climate change. But what the U.S. does about its own GHG emissions will have a major impact on how other countries act. Is likely necessary for U.S. engagement to continue to operate at multiple levels (UNFCCC, bi-lateral/multi- lateral agreements; sectoral-based agreements) International engagement will require both competitive and cooperative efforts. Of particular value are S&T initiatives that help developing countries limit emissions while advancing sustainable economic development. 5. Establish the U.S. as a leader to stimulate other countries to adopt GHG emissions reduction targets

25. Considerable state and local-level action to reduce emissions is already underway, and offers a valuable laboratory for policy experimentation and learning. In some instances, it may be appropriate for state/local efforts to be preempted by new federal programs, but this must be balanced against the need for flexibility and innovation. Avoid punishing those that have taken early action to limit emissions, and ensure that states and localities have sufficient resources to implement mandated national programs. 6. Enable flexibility and experimentation with emission reduction policies at regional, state, and local levels

26. Policies must remain durable for decades and be resistant to undercutting by special interest pressures. Durability comes from creating a constituency that benefits from the policy and has a vested interest in maintaining it. At the same time, policies must be sufficiently flexible to allow for adaptation as we gain experience and understanding. There are inherent tensions between these goals of durability and adaptability, and it will be an ongoing challenge to find a balance between them. 7. Design policies that balance durability and consistency with flexibility and capacity for modification as we learn from experience

27. For more information: Project Website: http://americasclimatechoices.org/ For questions, contact: Me at marilyn.brown@pubpolicy.gatech.edumarilyn.brown@pubpolicy.gatech.edu or Laurie Geller, NRC, lgeller@nas.edulgeller@nas.edu Report available from National Academy Press http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12785