1. CHAPTER 13 ENTREPRENEURIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGY

2. KNOWLEDGE OBJECTIVES
● Define strategic entrepreneurship and corporate entrepreneurship.
● Define entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial opportunities and explain their importance.
● Define invention, innovation, and imitation, and describe the relationship among them.
● Describe entrepreneurs and the entrepreneurial mind-set.
● Explain international entrepreneurship and its importance.

3. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Organizational culture: the complex set of ideologies, symbols, and core values shared throughout the firm and that influence how the firm conducts business
The social energy that drives—or fails to drive—the organization
Strategic entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial actions (exploiting found opportunities in the external environment) through a strategic perspective (innovation efforts)
Entrepreneurship dimension: identifying opportunities to exploit through innovations
Strategic dimension: determining the best way to manage the firm’s innovation efforts

4. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Strategic entrepreneurship actions can be taken by:
Individuals
Corporations
Corporate entrepreneurship: the use or application of entrepreneurship within an established firm

5. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES
Entrepreneurship is concerned with:
The discovery of profitable opportunities
The exploitation of profitable opportunities
Entrepreneurship: the process by which individuals or groups identify and pursue entrepreneurial opportunities without the immediate constraint of the resources they currently control

6. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES
Purpose of entrepreneurship:
To create wealth
Firms that foster entrepreneurship are:
Risk takers
Committed to innovation
Proactive in creating opportunities rather than waiting to respond to opportunities created by others

7. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES
Are opportunities others do not see or for which they do not recognize the commercial potential
Are conditions in which new products or services can satisfy a need in the market
Exist due to competitive market imperfections and unevenly distributed information
Are studied at the level of the individual firm
May be the economic engine driving many nations’ economies in the global competitive landscape

8. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES
Creative Destruction
(Schumpeter)
Entrepreneurship, as a process, results in the ‘creative destruction’ of existing products (good or services) or methods of producing them, and replaces them with new products/production methods
Entrepreneurial firms value individual innovations and the ability to continuously innovate across time

9. KEY CHAPTER POINTS THREE ‘I’s ● Invention THREE WAYS TO INNOVATE
Three types of innovation activities according to Schumpeter
● Invention
● Innovation
● Imitation
THREE WAYS TO INNOVATE
● Internal - autonomous vs. induced
● Cooperative strategies (e.g., strategic alliances)
● Acquisitions

10. INNOVATION
Innovation is the “specific function of entrepreneurship” (Drucker)
It is “the means by which the entrepreneur either creates new wealth-producing resources or endows existing resources with enhanced potential for creating wealth” (Drucker)
It is a source of competitive success, especially in turbulent and highly competitive environments
For global markets, innovation is key for competitive parity at a minimum, much less for competitive advantage

11. INNOVATION
Invention
The act of creating or developing a new product or process
Brings something new into being
Technical criteria determine the success of an invention

12. INNOVATION Invention Innovation
Process of creating a commercial product from an invention
Brings something new into use
Commercial criteria determine the success of an innovation
Innovation

13. INNOVATION Invention Innovation Imitation
Adoption of an innovation by similar firms
Usually leads to product or process standardization
Products based on imitation often are offered at lower prices and without as many features
Results of imitation
Product or process standardization
Products made with fewer features
Products offered at lower prices
Innovation
Imitation

14. INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
● Firms creatively discover and exploit opportunities outside their domestic markets in order to develop a competitive advantage
● Entrepreneurship has become a global phenomenon as internationalization typically leads to improved firm performance
● EXAMPLE - Large multinational companies (MNCs) generate roughly 54% of their sales outside their domestic market, and more than 50% of their employees work outside of the home country

15. INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Risks include:
Unstable foreign currencies
Inefficient markets
Insufficient infrastructures to support businesses
Limitations on market size and growth

16. INTERNAL INNOVATION
Firms take deliberate efforts to develop inventions and innovations within the organization, selecting from several types of innovation and the specific processes through which each type is produced.
Most innovation is due to research and development (R&D):
Investments are uncertain
Often not achieved in the short term

17. AUTONOMOUS STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR INDUCED STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR
INTERNAL INNOVATION
Internal Corporate Venturing refers to the set of activities firms use to develop internal inventions and innovations: autonomous and induced
Bottom-up process
AUTONOMOUS STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR
Top-down process
INDUCED STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR

18. AUTONOMOUS STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR
INTERNAL INNOVATION
Bottom-up process
AUTONOMOUS STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR
■ Bottom-up process in which product champions pursue new ideas, often through a political process, to develop and coordinate the commercialization of a new good or service
■ Product champion: individual with an entrepreneurial vision of a new good or service who seeks to create support in the organization for its commercialization
■ Autonomous strategic behavior is focused on firm’s knowledge and resources
■ Knowledge must be continuously diffused throughout the firm

19. INDUCED STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR
INTERNAL INNOVATION
Top-down process
INDUCED STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR
Induced strategic behavior
Top-down process whereby the firm’s current strategy and structure foster product innovations that are closely associated with that strategy and structure

20. INNOVATION THROUGH COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES
To successfully commercialize inventions, firms may need to cooperate and integrate knowledge and resources
Entrepreneurial new venture firms may need investment capital and distribution capabilities
More established companies may need new technological knowledge possessed by newer entrepreneurial firms
To innovate via cooperative relationships, firms must share their knowledge and skills – strategic alliances and joint ventures allow this to occur

21. INNOVATION THROUGH ACQUISITIONS
Rapidly extend the product line
Increase the firm’s revenues
KEY RISK: a firm may substitute its ability to buy innovations for its ability to produce innovations internally
A firm may:
Lose its intensity in R&D efforts
Lose its ability to produce patents
Research demonstrates that subsequent to acquisitions, firms introduce fewer new products into the market
This is because firms focus on the financial controls at the expense of strategic control

22. CREATING VALUE THROUGH STRATEGIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneurial ventures:
Produce more radical innovations
Possess strategic flexibility and willingness to take risks
Do more opportunity seeking
Must learn how to gain a competitive advantage (advantage-seeking behaviors)
Larger, well-established firms:
Produce more incremental innovations
Possess more resources and capabilities to exploit identified opportunities
Must relearn how to identify entrepreneurial opportunities (opportunity-seeking skills)

23. CREATING VALUE THROUGH STRATEGIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Objective is to help firms develop successful incremental and radical innovations
Be flexible and willing to take risks.
Identify and exploit opportunities with sufficient resources and capabilities to launch strategic actions.
Sustain a competitive advantage while identifying and exploiting opportunities.
Foster an entrepreneurial mind-set among managers and employees.
Emphasize resource management, particularly human capital and social capital.
Seek to enter and compete in international markets.