1. El imperativo

2.  Used to give orders or to make requests.  In order to not sound rude or abrupt, intonation and attitude are important, as well as appropriate use of informal & formal you.

3.  There are really only 3 tenses, which indicate when action occurs: past, present, future.  Verbs may also have aspect, which indicates the time duration/flow: progressive, perfect.  Verbs also have mood/mode, indicating speaker’s attitude: indicative, subjunctive, imperative. Verbs: Tense, Aspect, Mood

4.  Indicative mood: ◦ Declarative statements. ◦ Acts or states that are real, factual, objective  Subjunctive mood: ◦ Acts or states that are possible, contingent, hopeful, dependent, etc.  They are not stated as facts  They live in the realm of possibility  Imperative mood: ◦ Expresses intention to influence what listener does.

5.  While the imperative is technically a mood/mode in and of itself, we are going to talk about it in terms of indicative and subjunctive.

6. Singular, informal, affirmative

7.  What are the characteristics of an informal relationship?  Can you reasonably expect that in this relationship you can control the outcome— the desired behavior?  Is the speaker’s attitude factual?

8.  Form singular, informal, affirmative commands by using the 3 rd person singular indicative. ◦ Escribes una carta.  You write a letter. --statement of fact. ◦ Escribe una carta.  He/she/you formal write a letter. --statement of fact.  (You, informal) Write a letter.--command, informal  Context will make clear if sentence is declarative or imperative. How to form:

9.  Ven Di Sal Haz Ten Ve Pon Sé ◦ Vin Diesal has 10 weapons.  Venir  Decir  Salir  Hacer  Tener  Ir  Poner  Ser

10.  Hacer la tarea.  Ir a clase todos los días.  Salir temprano para el colegio.  Escuchar bien en clase.  Trabajar en clase.  Venir conmigo a la biblioteca.  Ser trabajadora.  Tener los útiles contigo.

11.  Haz la tarea.  Ve a clase todos los días.  Sal temprano para el colegio.  Escucha bien en clase.  Trabaja en clase.  Ven conmigo a la biblioteca.  Sé trabajadora.  Ten los útiles contigo.

12. Affirmative Tú Object/Reflexive

13.  Where do object and reflexive pronouns typically go in a sentence? ◦ With a conjugated verb? ◦ With an infinitive? ◦ With the gerundio?

14.  While the command is a conjugated form of the verb, object and reflexive pronouns ATTACH to the affirmative command.  Attaching a pronoun often adds an extra syllable to the verb, which often requires the addition of an accent to maintain the original pronunciation of the verb--the more important part of the sentence/phrase.

15.  Put on your shoes. (ponerse) ◦ Ponte los zapatos.  Put on them. (the shoes) ◦ Póntelos.  Throw. ◦ Tira.  Throw it. (la pelota) ◦ Tírala.  Throw it to her. ◦ Tírasela.  Tell her. ◦ Dile.  Tell her it. ◦ Dísela.  Give me it. (la pluma) ◦ Dámela.

16.  Remember pronouns go in reverse alphabetical order when used together. ◦ IO before DO ◦ Reflexive before DO ◦ And by extension reflexive before IO before DO  But this is something which is rarely used and way beyond the Spanish you need to use in level 2.

17. Formal, singular

18.  Ud. commands are formed the same as the present subjunctive.  Technically the imperative and subjunctive are two different moods/modes. ◦ But they are similar in conjugation.

19.  Start with the “yo” form of the present indicative. ◦ Hablo ◦ Como ◦ Escribo

20.  Drop the –o ending ◦ Habl ◦ Com ◦ Escrib  For –ar verbs add “e” and for –er and –ir verbs add “a” (i.e. the opposite ending) ◦ Hable ◦ Coma ◦ Escriba

21.  Hable (Ud.) lentamente.  Coma (Ud.) la cena.  Escriba (Ud.) la carta

22.  If the 1 st person “yo” form is irregular, that irregular will exist in the command form. ◦ Yo tengo = Tenga (Ud.) un buen fin de semana. ◦ Yo vengo = Venga (Ud.) conmigo

23.  This also applies to verbs with stem- changes in the “yo” form. ◦ Yo pido = Pida (Ud.) dinero. ◦ Yo cuento = Cuente (Ud.) sus beneficios. ◦ Yo duermo = Duerma (Ud.) ◦ Yo repito = Repita (Ud.) por favor.

24.  Dar = dé  Estar = esté  Ir = vaya  Ser = sea  Saber = sepa

25.  To tell someone (formal) not to do something (or really request that he/she not do it), put a no in front of the command. ◦ Hable Ud. → No hable Ud. ◦ Coma Ud. → No coma Ud. ◦ Repita Ud. → No repita Ud.

26.  Add an “n” to the Ud. Command ◦ Hable → Hablen (No hablen) ◦ Coma → Coman (No coman) ◦ Repita → Repitan (No repitan) ◦ Pida → Pidan (No pidan)

27.  Remember: for affirmative tú commands all you had to do was drop the “s” from the 2 nd person, singular, present indicative conjugation (except for the 8 irregular) ◦ Habla ◦ Come ◦ Escriba ◦ Duerme

28.  To make informal commands negative ◦ Add and “s” to the Ud. command ◦ And a no infront of the command ◦ Habla → No hables ◦ Come → No comas ◦ Escribe → No escribas ◦ Duerma → No duermas ◦ Pide → No pidas