1. The Relationship between Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards
Laurence G Williams FREng
Professor of Nuclear Safety & Regulation
University of Central Lancashire
May I add my welcome to that of the Vice Chancellor and to thank you for sparing the time to attend our conference today. As many of you will know, I have devoted a large proportion of my professional life to ensuring that the nuclear industry is safe and secure.
Over the years I have increasingly recognized that the protection of society and our environment from the use of nuclear energy demands a higher level of commitment by those who use the technology that of almost any other industrial activity.
Because nuclear is different, the public and politicians expect the nuclear industry to be the very best and to provide for their protection throughout the entire nuclear lifecycle from cradle to grave i.e. from initial design through construction, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities; the safe management of radioactive waste including eventual disposal.
To provide the public with the “total protection” they expect the industry needs to be able to demonstrate that nuclear power is safe, their facilities and nuclear materials are secure and that their technologies and nuclear materials cannot be diverted to support illicit nuclear weapons programmes
This requires effective coordination of all these activities and in the past this has not always been as effective as it could have been. I hope today will enable us to share knowledge and experiences so that government, regulators, the security services and the nuclear industry can better deliver the opportunities from and meet the challenges of a more coordinated approach.
I have chosen this picture of a nuclear installation under construction because the advent of a new (and potentially large) nuclear power programme in the UK offers us the opportunity to consider adopting a new approach that will eliminate the silo mentality of the past
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013

2. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
What is nuclear safety?
Nuclear safety is about protecting people and the environment from plant malfunction and human error
Nuclear Safety
Potential Hazards
From
Normal Operations
&
Accidents
Workers
Public
Environment

3. What is nuclear security?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
What is nuclear security?
Nuclear security is about protecting people and the environment from malicious acts
Nuclear Security
Potential Hazards
From
Malicious Acts
Workers
Public
Environment

4. What is nuclear safeguards?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
What is nuclear safeguards?
Nuclear safeguards is about protecting people and the environment from the theft or diversion of nuclear materials and technologies that could be used to proliferate nuclear weapons
Nuclear Security
Potential Hazards from loss of Safeguards
Workers
Public
Environment

5. Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
Workers, the public and the environment require protection from plant malfunction, human error, malicious acts and proliferation of nuclear materials and technologies
Potential Hazards
From
Malicious Acts
Security
Potential Hazards
From
Normal Operations
&
Accidents
Safety
Workers
Public
Environment
Safeguards
Potential Hazards from loss of Safeguards

6. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Malfunction, human errors
Malevolent acts by non-State actors
Prevent
Misuse by State

7. Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
Nuclear security is necessary but not sufficient for the protection of people and the environment

8. Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
Nuclear security is necessary but not sufficient for the protection of people and the environment
Similarly nuclear safety is necessary for the protection of people and the environmental but again it is not sufficient

9. Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
Nuclear security is necessary but not sufficient for the protection of people and the environment
Similarly nuclear safety is necessary for the protection of people and the environmental but again it is not sufficient
The effective application of non-proliferation safeguards is again necessary but not sufficient

10. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards
Potential Hazards
From
Normal Operation
&
Accidents
Potential Hazards
From
Malicious Acts
Potential Hazards from
Diversion of Nuclear Materials &
Technologies
Many nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards issues are not mutually exclusive

11. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards
Potential Hazards
From
Normal Operation
&
Accidents
Potential Hazards
From
Malicious Acts
Potential Hazards from
Diversion of Nuclear Materials &
Technologies
In these areas it is necessary to have an integrated approach to ensure that the solutions for one do not adversely affect the other

12. Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
All 3 are needed to provide the Continuum of Protection society needs

13. Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
Many examples of either nuclear safety or nuclear security have been compromised by through a lack of coordination
Fences
Plant configuration controls
Armed protection forces
Safety access points
Etc.

14. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards
There are important synergies in the measures used to deliver nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation safeguards
For effective protection all three areas need to treated in a coordinated way
Nuclear safety, nuclear security and where appropriate safeguards professionals need to work together

15. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards
There needs to be much closer integration of nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards approaches in:
design, construction, commissioning, operation and
decommissioning of nuclear installations
the transport of nuclear and radioactive materials
the use of radioactive sources

16. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Challenges
Responsibility
Licensee responsible for safety & security
Responsibility for nuclear safety is more easily discharged
Responsibility for security is more problematic
Not in complete control
Cannot define the Threat
Cannot carry out all the actions to reduce the Threat
Government is in control of defining the Threat

17. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Challenges
Safety & Security Communities
Nuclear safety and security practitioners have had little in common
Developed from different communities
Nuclear safety community comprised engineers and scientists who undertake detailed design and analysis to demonstrate the behaviour of nuclear plants and processes and to determine risk
Nuclear security community has been shrouded in secrecy and operated within a “need to know” culture

18. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Challenges
Risk Evaluation
Nuclear safety is about
understanding plant failure characteristics and human error
providing effective engineered or administrative barriers to counter such failures and mitigation of the consequences
using numerical approach to evaluate risk and hence acceptability

19. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Challenges
Risk Evaluation
Nuclear security is about
protecting against unknown, possibly unquantifiable, malicious acts
evaluate risk from specifically defined event

20. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Challenges
Risk Management
In the nuclear safety world
risk is evaluated through a detailed understanding of plant and process failure mechanisms
detailed technical analyses enables defence in depth to be designed in and effectively managed

21. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Challenges
Risk Management
In the nuclear security world
the nature and probability of the threat is not as easily amenable to calculation
risk is more difficult to quantify
risk is managed in conjunction with others, possibly including an armed protection force

22. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Challenges
Culture
Nuclear safety culture is well established
Nuclear security culture is in its infancy
World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS) Guide
Culture is about beliefs and values

23. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Challenges
Culture - beliefs
In the case of nuclear safety culture
Staff believe that accidents can happen
For nuclear security it is important for staff to believe that:
Nuclear security is important in combating terrorist threats
Credible threats nuclear materials exist at all times

24. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Challenges
Culture - Values
In the case of nuclear safety culture
Staff recognise the nuclear safety is their responsibility
For nuclear security it is important for staff to recognise that:
Maintaining effective security is the responsibility of everyone in the organisation
they should challenge, question and report security concerns

25. Effective Organizations
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Effective Organizations
To be effective, nuclear safety and security staff will need to work together to meet the above challenges
Nuclear Security must be given the same recognition at Board level as nuclear safety and environmental protection
Organization should have an integrated nuclear safety and security culture
An effective organization will have an integrated approach to the management of nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards

26. UCLan Contribution to Skills
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
UCLan Contribution to Skills
MSc Nuclear Safety, Security & Safeguards
Module 1: Introduction to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Module 2: Nuclear Safety Law and Regulation
Module 3: The Delivery of Nuclear Safety
Module 4: Nuclear Security & Safeguards Law and Regulation
Module 5: The Delivery of Nuclear Security & Safeguards
Module 6: Leadership and Management
Module 7: Research Methodology

27. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Conclusions
Protection of workers, the public and the environment depends upon the effective delivery of nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation safeguards

28. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Conclusions
Nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation safeguards communities have developed separately for understandable reasons but to deliver a sustainable nuclear programme in the future they need to work together

29. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Conclusions
The risks to society that arise from the use of nuclear energy can be reduced through the effective integration of our approach to nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards within
Government
Regulators
Licensees
Nuclear supply chain

30. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Non-Proliferation Agreements
and Additional Protocols
CULTURE
Safeguards
Security
Safety:
Int’l Safety Standards
And Conventions
SYNERGY
Safety
Security:
Physical Protection,
Detection and Response,
Information;
Conventions and
Recommendations
Promotes the Peaceful, Safe and Secure use of Nuclear Technology

31. The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Thank You