1. Corporation Tax Introduction to Taxation, ch. 10 Business Law, chs. 15 and 16

2. Company Tax Corporation tax Directors salaries and fees Dividends Comparison

3. Corporation tax Companies do not pay –Income tax –Capital gains tax –Inheritance tax Companies pay corporation tax on their –Income profits, and –Capital gains

4. Income profits Assessed by reference to the categories of income tax –Trading income (business profits) –Savings income (interest/dividends) –Property income (rent) Capital gains assessed by CGT rules –use same process to calculate gain

5. Differences No personal allowances - No equivalent of IT personal allowance - No CGT allowance Capital Gains - Indexation not frozen in 1998 - Tapering relief not available to companies Different basis of assessment - CT assessed on the company’s accounting reference period - payable 9 months later Different tax rates

6. Corporation tax rates Profit up to £300,000 all at 20 % Eg profit £70,000 – tax is 20% of £70,000 = £14,000 Profits between £300,000 and £1,500,000 –20% on first £300,000 –32.5% above that Profit over £1,500,000 all at 30% Eg profit £1.6m – tax is 30% of £1.6m = £480,000

7. Example of the marginal rate Profits = £950,000 First 300,000 taxed at 20% = 60,000 Next 650,000 taxed at 32.5% 650,000 x 32.5% = 211,250 Total tax = 271,250

8. Corporation tax – rates cont’d Important issue is to ascertain which band the taxable profit falls within ie is it: - up to £300,000 or - between £300,000 and £1.5m or - over £1.5m This then determines the applicable rate

9. Losses Trading losses –can be set off against other income or capital gains in the same accounting period, –or carried back one year –or carried forward Capital losses –cannot set against income –can be set against capital gains in future periods (indefinitely)

10. Groups of companies Many companies are groups of companies Typically, a holding company owns the shares in the other companies in the group Tax planning issues about whether to create a group like that or just have separate companies Generally, the losses of one company in the group can be set against the profits of other companies

11. Close companies One controlled by five or fewer ‘participators’ or by participators who are directors ‘Participator’ is widely defined, but includes shareholders and others who share profits ‘Associates’ are treated as one participator (eg close family, partners and trustees of family settlements) In practice, most smaller private companies are close companies

12. Special rules Company lends over £15,000 to participator –Company liable to tax of 25% of loan value (repayable when loan paid off) Company gives benefits in kind to participator or associate –Treated as a distribution (dividend) –Taxable as investment income Company makes gift to participator –Can be treated as gift by other participators to the recipient - inheritance tax implications

13. Taking money out of the company 1. Pay fees and salaries to directors 2. Pay dividends to shareholders

14. Directors’ salaries An expense for the company Director has to pay income tax under ITEPA 2003 (employment income) Company deducts tax under the P.A.Y.E. system National insurance contributions payable by both the company and the director

15. Dividends Not an expense for the company No tax effect on the company Investment income for the shareholder Taxed at special rates: –10% standard rate (tax credit !) –32.5% higher rate

16. Compare partnership & company Partners pay tax at IT rates Higher rate (40%) on income over £39,825 Paid on all profits (including retained) Companies pay much lower rates, higher rate is 30% and that is re profits over £1.5m Dividends have tax advantage (especially when recipient is not higher rate tax payer)

17. Example Business with three individuals Total profits = £120,000 Take out £32,000 each Compare partnership tax and company tax

18. As a partnership Profits per partner = £40,000 (NB all taxable even if some (£8k) left in business) Less personal allowance 5,225 Taxable 34,775 10% on 2,230 223 22% on 32,370 7,121 40% on 175 70 Total tax per partner 7,414 (Total retained funds is 3 x £8k = £24,000)

19. As a company Company pays corporation tax Pays small salaries to directors –e.g. £6,000 Directors are also shareholders so rest paid to them as dividends - ie £26,000

20. Company’s corporation tax Company’s profits 120,000 (after all other expenses) Less salaries (3 x 6,000) 18,000 Taxable profits102,000 Tax at 20% 20,400 Distributable profits 81,600 Dividends (3 x 26,000) 78,000 Retained profit 3,600

21. Each individual gets £32,000 Director’s salary 6,000 Less personal allowance5,225 Taxableincome 775 Taxed at 10%starting rate £77.50 Rest (26,000) is taken as dividend Still less than 34,600 basic rate so 10% But covered by tax credit0 Total tax paid by indv = £77.50

22. Comparison As partners, each pays 7,414 Total tax (x3) 22,242 Company pays 20,400 Each director pays 77 (x3) 231 Total 20,631 Total saving re whole business 1,611

23. Cont’d BUT Total saving for individuals £7,414 – £77 = £7,337 (There would also be NI contributions as well, which would work out more for the partners) Note also the difference in retained profits: Partnership - £24,000 Company - £3,600