1. 28.3 Voting Rights

2. Focus Your Thoughts... Which constitutional amendment gave African- Americans the right to vote? When did this occur? In what ways did they continue to struggle to exercise this right?

3. Registered Voters The nonviolent methods of the civil rights movement troubled Kennedy, primarily because they provoked such violent reactions Worried about continued and prolonged violence, they urged African-Americans to switch their focus: Protests Voter Registration

4. The Voter Education Project In 1962, the SNCC (Student Non-violence Coordinating Committee) and CORE founded the Voter Education Project This project sought to allow African-Americans the right to register to vote in the South It was met with just as much resistance as de- segregation, and the struggle became very violent

5. A Problem State Mississippi VEP workers lived under daily fear and threats A local farmer helping one voter registration drive was killed The state legislator who shot him was acquitted, and the lone witness – an African-American – was later found dead as well

6. Despite This... The Voter Education Project was a success!! In 1962, fewer than 1.4 million of the South’s five million African-American adults were registered to vote... By 1964, 500,000 more were registered, but Mississippi remained a struggle

7. The 24 th Amendment The twenty-fourth amendment was passed by Congress in 1962 and then turned over to the states to ratify... What do you think it did? How many states do you think had to ratify it?

8. The Poll Tax The 24 th Amendment banned states and/or the national government from including a poll tax as a condition to take part in elections... 36/50 states needed to pass it... would they?? In 1964, it became part of the Constitution The Poll Tax – at least in writing – did not discriminate against any minority group, but how was it used to continue disenfranchising African- American voters?

9. Freedom Summer College students were asked to spend their summer in Mississippi registering African-Americans to vote When school let out for the summer, hundreds of students showed up for training, most of them were white students from the northern states

10. Freedom Summer In addition to registering voters, college volunteers also planned to educate young black children, who were receiving inadequate educations The state of Mississippi was spending an average of $82 per year on white students and only $22 per year on black students In addition, Mississippi was forcing black children to forego school and work during the summers The college volunteers hoped to tutor the children to compensate for this How do you think Mississippi will respond?

11. Crisis in Mississippi The first two hundred volunteers arrived in Mississippi June 20, 1964 Three young men, one a college volunteer and two CORE workers, were arrested for “speeding” that same night, and were jailed until evening The boys paid their fine, left the jail, and were never heard from again

12. Johnson Responds President Johnson ordered a massive hunt for the three young men; their bodies were discovered in an earthen dam near Philadelphia, Mississippi Two-thirds of the volunteers went home after this, but those who stayed considered “Freedom Summer” a success: The Freedom Schools taught 3,000 students 17,000 African-Americans in Mississippi registered to vote, although the state only accepted about 1,600 of these applications

13. The Selma Campaign In January of 1965, MLK Jr. began a campaign to gain voting rights for African Americans in Selma, Alabama. By the end of January, more than 2,000 marchers had been arrested King refused to give up, he used the same tactic he did in Birmingham – forcing the police to arrest him and several others Just as King hoped, his arrest drew national attention and the national media swarmed Selma, releasing pictures of children being sent off to jail

14. Tensions Rise By mid-February, police were using force, and even violence, to try and control the marches A few days after a marcher had been killed by state troopers, King announced a four-day march from Selma to Montgomery, the capital, to protest police brutality Governor George Wallace issued an order prohibiting the march “It will not be tolerated,” he warned

15. The Selma March Sunday March 7, 1965, six hundred African-Americans began the fifty-four mile march Police forces waited, and when they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they began firing tear gas, and attacking people with clubs, chains, and cow prods TV networks showed footage of the savage violence, and the march continued with federal protection... They finally reached Montgomery on March 25 th

16. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed in Congress by large majorities MLK, Rosa Parks, and many other civil rights leaders were present when Johnsons signed it into law on August 6 th Within three weeks, 27,000 African-Americans in the South had registered to vote, and African-Americans candidates soon began running for and winning local and state elections “At times history and fate meet to shape a turning point in man’s unending search for freedom. So it was last week in Selma, Alabama.” - Lyndon Johnson

17. Analyzing Information Review your notes of the African-American’s struggle for political equity in this section of the book. Then copy the graphic organizer below and use it to list the events in the struggle, what injustice each event targeted, and the effects of those actions. EventInjusticeEffects