1. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 1 BIL104E: Introduction to Scientific and Engineering Computing, Spring 2005. Lecture 12 Outline 12.1Introduction - Dynamic Memory Allocation 12.2The malloc( ) function 12.3 The calloc( ) function 12.4 The realloc( ) function 12.5 Summary

2. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 2 12.1 Introduction So far you've learned how to declare and reserve a piece of memory space before it is used in your program. For instance, you have to specify the size of an array in your program (or the compiler has to figure out the size if you declare an unsized array) before you assign any data to it at runtime. In this lesson you'll learn to allocate memory space dynamically when your program is running. The four dynamic memory allocation functions covered in this lesson are: –malloc ( ) function  used when allocating memory –calloc( ) function  used when allocating memory –realloc( ) function  used to increase/decrease an available memory –free( ) function  used to free previously allocated memory

3. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 3 12.1 Allocating Memory at Runtime There are many cases when you do not know the exact sizes of arrays used in your programs, until much later when your programs are actually being executed. You can specify the sizes of arrays in advance, but the arrays can be too small or too big if the numbers of data items you want to put into the arrays change dramatically at runtime. Fortunately, C provides you with four dynamic memory allocation functions that you can employ to allocate or reallocate certain memory spaces while your program is running. Also, you can release allocated memory storage as soon as you don't need it.

4. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 4 12.2 The malloc() Function You can use the malloc() function to allocate a specified size of memory space. The syntax for the malloc() function is #include void *malloc(size_t size); Here size indicates the number of bytes of storage to allocate. The malloc() function returns a void pointer. Note that the header file, stdlib.h, has to be included before the malloc() function can be called. Because the malloc() function returns a void pointer, its type is automatically converted to the type of the pointer on the left side of an assignment operator. int *iptr = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int)); float *fptr = (float *) malloc(128); char *str = (char *) malloc(sizeof(char x[50])); If the malloc() function fails to allocate a piece of memory space, it returns a null pointer. Normally, this happens when there is not enough memory. Therefore, you should always check the returned pointer from malloc() before you use it.

5. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 5 Malloc() example #include main(){ char *cptr; printf(“Pelase Enter a sentence\n”); cptr =(char *) malloc(sizeof(char)*81); /* allocate 81 bytes a type cast to char pointer */ if ( cptr !=NULL ){ gets(cptr); printf(“You entered this: %s\n”, cptr); free(cptr); } else{ printf(“Sorry I am unable to allocate 81 bytes for you \n”); exit(0); } return 0; }

6. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 6 12.3 The calloc() Function Besides the malloc() function, you can also use the calloc() function to allocate a memory storage dynamically. The differences between the two functions are that the latter takes two arguments and that the memory space allocated by calloc() is always initialized to 0. There is no such guarantee that the memory space allocated by malloc() is initialized to 0. The syntax for the calloc() function is #include void *calloc(size_t nitem, size_t size); Here nitem is the number of items you want to save in the allocated memory space. size gives the number of bytes that each item takes. The calloc() function returns a void pointer too. If the calloc() function fails to allocate a piece of memory space, it returns a null pointer.

7. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 7 Example of calloc() #include main(){ char *cptr; printf(“Pelase Enter a sentence\n”); cptr =(char *) calloc(81,sizeof(char)); /* allocate 81 bytes a type cast to char pointer */ if ( cptr !=NULL ){ gets(cptr); printf(“You entered this: %s\n”, cptr); free(cptr); } else{ printf(“Sorry I am unable to allocate 81 bytes for you \n”); exit(0); } return 0; }

8. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 8 Another example for calloc() 1: /* Using the calloc() function */ 2: #include 3: #include 4: /* main() function */ 5: main() 6: { 7: float *ptr1, *ptr2; 8: int i, n; 9: int termination = 1; 10: 11: n = 5; 12: ptr1 = (float *) calloc(n, sizeof(float)); 13: ptr2 = (float *) malloc(n * sizeof(float)); 14: if (ptr1 == NULL) 15: printf("malloc() failed.\n"); 16: else if (ptr2 == NULL) 17: printf("calloc() failed.\n"); 18: else { 19: for (i=0; i<n; i++) 20: printf("ptr1[%d]=%5.2f, ptr2[%d]=%5.2f\n", 21: i, *(ptr1 + i), i, *(ptr2 + i)); 22: free(ptr1); 23: free(ptr2); 24: termination = 0; 25: } 26: return termination; 27: } ptr1[0] = 0.00, ptr2[0] = 7042.23 ptr1[1] = 0.00, ptr2[1] = 1427.00 ptr1[2] = 0.00, ptr2[2] = 2787.14 ptr1[3] = 0.00, ptr2[3] = 0.00 ptr1[4] = 0.00, ptr2[4] = 5834.73 output

9. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 9 12.4 The realloc() Function The realloc() function gives you a means to change the size of a piece of memory space allocated by the malloc() function, the calloc() function, or even itself. The syntax for the realloc() function is #include void *realloc(void *block, size_t size); Here block is the pointer to the start of a piece of memory space previously allocated. size specifies the total byte number you want to change to. The realloc() function returns a void pointer. The realloc() function returns a null pointer if it fails to reallocate a piece of memory space. The realloc() function is equivalent to the malloc() function if the first argument passed to realloc() is NULL. In other words, the following two statements are equivalent: ptr_flt = (float *) realloc(NULL, 10 * sizeof(float)); ptr_flt = (float *) malloc(10 * sizeof(float)); Also, you can use the realloc() function as the free() function. You do this by passing 0 to realloc() as its second argument. For instance, to release a block of memory pointed to by a pointer ptr, you can either call the free() function like this: free(ptr); or use the realloc() function in the following way: realloc(ptr, 0);

10. Spring 2005, Gülcihan Özdemir Dağ Lecture 12, Page 10 12.5 Summary In C, there are four functions that can be used to allocate, reallocate, or release a block of memory space dynamically at runtime. The malloc() function allocates a block of memory whose size is specified by the argument passed to the function. The free() function is used to free up a block of memory space previously allocated by the malloc(), calloc(), or realloc() function The calloc() function can do the same job as the malloc() function. In addition, the calloc() function can initialize the allocated memory space to 0. The realloc() function is used to reallocate a block of memory that has been allocated by the malloc() or calloc() function. If a null pointer is passed to the realloc() function as its first argument, the function acts like the malloc() function. If the second argument of the realloc() function is set to 0, the realloc() function is equivalent to the free() function that releases a block of allocated memory. You have to include the header file stdlib.h before you can call the malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), or free() function. You should always check the values returned from the malloc(), calloc(), or realloc() function, before you use the allocated memory made by these functions.