1. Chapter 3: Infancy & Childhood
Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development
Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development
Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development

2. Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development
Developmental psychology: the study of changes that occur as an individual matures
Nature and Nurture
Newborns
Capacities
Grasping reflex: an infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm of the hand
Rooting reflex: an infant’s response in turning toward the source o touching that occurs anywhere around the mouth
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Physical Development
Infant average birth weight = 7.3 pounds
Maturation: the internally programmed growth of a child
Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior that happens as a result o experience
Perceptual Development
Visual cliff
Language Development
Can animals use language?
chimps
Grammar
How do children acquire language? Telegraphic speech: the kind of verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear
Where my doll
I goed to school
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4. Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development
Cognitive Development
How does knowing change?
Schema: a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world
Assimilation: the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s schemas
Accommodation: the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences
Object permanence: a child’s realization that an object exisits even when he/she cannot see or touch it
Representational thought: the intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his/her mind
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The principle of conservation
Conservation: the principle that a given quality does not change when its appearance changes
Egocentric: a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective
Jean Piaget & the stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Birth – 2 years
Preoperational
2-7 years
Concrete operations
7-11 years
Formal operations
11- and beyond
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Emotional Development
Experiments on animals
Imprinting: inherited tendency of some newborns to follow the first moving object they see
Critical period: a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned
Surrogate Mothers
Wire vs. cloth
Human Infants
Attachment at 6 months – 3 years
Separation anxiety
Stranger situation
Secure attachment
Avoidant attachment
Resistant attachment
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7. Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development
Authoritarian: parents attempt to control and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children and adolescents in accordance with a set code of conduct
Democratic/Authoritative: children and adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives
Permissive/Laissez-Faire: children and adolescents have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting attitude toward children
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Effects of Parenting Styles
Establishment of limits
Assuming responsibility
Indentifying with parents
Independence
Child Abuse
The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults entrusted with their care
906,000 confirmed cases in 2003
Why is there child abuse?
What constitutes child abuse?
Spanking?
Yelling?
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Social Development
Socialization: the process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live
How can we describe socialization?
What is the reason for socialization?
Give examples of how we learn socialization in school…
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10. Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage –infant seeks pleasure around mouth (0-18 months)
Anal Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered on functions of elimination (18months- 3 years)
Phallic Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered around genitals (3 – 6 years)
Latency Stage – sexual thoughts repressed; focus on developing social and intellectual skills (6 years – puberty)
Genital Stage – sexual desires renewed; individual seeks relationships with others (puberty through adulthood)
Identification – the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same gender parent
Sublimation – the process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks
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11. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Life periods in which an individual’s goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs
Stages
1 –trust versus mistrust (early infancy)
2 –autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3)
3 –initiative versus guilt (3-6)
4 –industry versus inferiority (6-12)
5 –identity versus role confusion (early teens)
6 –intimacy versus isolation (young adult)
7 –generality versus stagnation (middle adult)
8 –ego integrity versus despair (older adult)
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12. Cognitive-Development Approach
Games and Play
Role taking: children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view
Teacher
Storekeeper
Ninja
Parent
So how do these prepare the child for later life?
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Moral Development
Moral reasoning: deciding what is right or wrong
The dying wife and the robbery
What is a moral dilemma?
Stealing a loaf of bread for a hungry child
Is that a moral dilemma?
Examples
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Pre-conventional
Obedience and punishment
Instrumental relativist
Conventional
Good/bad
Law and order
Post-Conventional
Social contract
Universal ethics principle
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