2. Lesson 4 Dramatic physical and mental changes take place as an infant grows through childhood. Children often imitate the behavior of adults. Infancy and Childhood

3. Lesson 4 In this lesson, you will learn to: Identify the developmental tasks of childhood Discuss state laws and community services that provide vision and hearing screenings and immunization programs for children Lesson Objectives

4. Lesson 4 Developmental Tasks Erik Erikson, a psychologist, has developed one of the most widely accepted theories of development. According to Erikson, each individual passes through eight developmental stages during his or her life. Each stage is characterized by developmental tasks.developmental tasks Childhood Development

5. Lesson 4 Stages of Infancy and Childhood Each stage of development is associated with a developmental task that involves a person’s relationship with other people. Stage 1 Infancy – Birth to 1 year Stage 2 Early Childhood – 1 to 3 years Stage 3 Middle Childhood – 4 to 6 years Stage 4 Late Childhood – 7 to 12 years Childhood Development

6. Lesson 4 Infancy An infant is completely dependent on others to meet his or her needs. An important task for an infant is developing trust to provide for his or her needs. Childhood Development

7. Lesson 4 Role of Parents During Infancy Infants of parents who are attentive—who play with and talk to the infant and give comfort— learn to view the world as a safe place. These children see people as being dependable. If parents ignore a child’s needs, the child may learn to be distrustful. Childhood Development

8. Lesson 4 Early Childhood The child learns to walk, talk, and dress and feed himself or herself. Self-control and confidence begin to develop, and the child begins desiring independence. In this stage, the child has to develop the ability to do tasks for oneself. Childhood Development

9. Lesson 4 If parents accept the child’s need to do whatever he or she is capable of, the child will develop a sense of autonomy.autonomy Role of Parents During Early Childhood If parents are overprotective or critical of the child’s behaviors, the child may develop doubts about his or her abilities. Childhood Development

10. Lesson 4 Middle Childhood The child becomes more engaged in interactions with others and models adult behavior by helping with household chores. The child also learns to control impulses. The task for this stage is to develop responsibility, take initiative, to create one’s own play. Childhood Development

11. Lesson 4 If parents show approval of their child’s new abilities and encourage questions, the child learns creativity, initiative, and the ability to start something on his or her own. Role of Parents During Middle Childhood Children of parents who are impatient with the child may develop a sense of guilt about self-initiated activities, resulting in low self-esteem. Childhood Development

12. Lesson 4 Late Childhood The child completes the transition from home to school and learns to make things, use tools, and acquire skills. The task for this stage is to develop an interest in performing activities. Childhood Development

13. Lesson 4 If children’s efforts are rewarded and appreciated, their pride in their work increases. Role of Parents During Late Childhood Children who are scolded for making a mess, getting in the way, or not following directions may develop feelings of self- doubt. Childhood Development

14. Lesson 4 Vision and Hearing The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends that vision screenings be given to newborns and regularly throughout childhood. Schools often provide regular vision screenings for students. In the United States, two to three of every 1,000 infants are born with a hearing impairment severe enough to affect language development. Some state laws require that newborns be screened at birth for hearing loss. Schools often provide periodic screenings. Health Screenings in Childhood

15. Lesson 4 Scoliosis Scoliosis may begin in childhood and go unnoticed until the teen years.Scoliosis Its exact cause is unknown, though it is more common in girls. Many public schools make it a policy to check for scoliosis in middle school. Health Screenings in Childhood

16. Lesson 4 Quick Review True False Choose the appropriate option. Q. Developmental tasks are events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult.

17. Lesson 4 A. True. Developmental tasks are events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

18. Lesson 4 Quick Review Q. The ability to respect one’s parents and develop a sense of dependency on them are two developmental tasks that need to be accomplished in early childhood. True False Choose the appropriate option.

19. Lesson 4 A. False. The ability to do tasks for oneself and to develop a sense of autonomy are the developmental tasks to be accomplished in early childhood. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

20. Lesson 4 Quick Review Q. Health screenings for vision, hearing, and scoliosis are usually provided by schools. True False Choose the appropriate option.

21. Lesson 4 A. True. Health screenings for vision, hearing, and scoliosis are usually provided by schools. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

22. Lesson 4 Quick Review Q. The nurturing actions of parents—good or bad—contribute to the developmental growth of their children. True False Choose the appropriate option.

23. Lesson 4 A. True. The nurturing actions of parents—good or bad— contribute to the developmental growth of their children. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

24. Lesson 4 End of Lesson 4 Click Home to view the Main menu.

25. Lesson 4 Developmental Tasks Erik Erikson, a psychologist, has developed one of the most widely accepted theories of development. According to Erikson, each individual passes through eight developmental stages during his or her life. Each stage is characterized by developmental tasks.developmental tasks A developmental task involves events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult. Childhood Development

26. Lesson 4 If parents accept the child’s need to do whatever he or she is capable of, the child will develop a sense of autonomy.autonomy If parents are overprotective or critical of the child’s behaviors, the child may develop doubts about his or her abilities. Autonomy is the confidence that a person can control his or her own body, impulses, and environment. Childhood Development Role of Parents During Early Childhood

27. Lesson 4 Scoliosis may begin in childhood and go unnoticed until the teen years.Scoliosis Its exact cause is unknown, though it is more common in girls. Many public schools make it a policy to check for scoliosis in middle school. Scoliosis Scoliosis is a lateral, or side-to- side, curvature of the spine. Health Screenings in Childhood

28. Lesson 4 A. Correct! Developmental tasks are events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

29. Lesson 4 You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Quick Review - Answer

30. Lesson 4 A. Correct! The ability to do tasks for oneself and develop a sense of autonomy are two developmental tasks that need to be accomplished in early childhood. Click Next to attempt another question. Quick Review - Answer

31. Lesson 4 You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Quick Review - Answer

32. Lesson 4 Quick Review - Answer A. Correct! Health screenings for vision, hearing, and scoliosis are usually provided by schools. Click Next to attempt another question.

33. Lesson 4 Quick Review - Answer You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer.

34. Lesson 4 Quick Review - Answer A. Correct! The nurturing actions of parents—good or bad—contribute to the developmental growth of their children. Click Next to attempt another question.

35. Lesson 4 Quick Review - Answer You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer.