1. Eric Erickson Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):
Psychoanalytic view - psychosexual model
Erik Erikson ( ) :
extension of Freud’s theory - Psychosocial theory

2. each individual passes through 8 developmental stages – "psychosocial stages".
Each stage is characterized by a different psychological "crisis", which must be resolved by the individual before the individual can move on to the next stage.
If the person is not able to cope with a particular crisis, the outcome will be more struggles with that issue later in life.

3. Stage 1: Infancy -- Age 0 to 1
Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust
Description: trust parents for the basics
(providing food & care & affection.)
Positive outcome: secure attachment
(parents & environment)
Negative outcome: mistrust people, (even self).
Important Event: Feeding

4. Stage 2: Toddler -- Age 1 to 2
Crisis: Independence vs. Doubt
Description: Develop self-control & self-confidence (to walk, talk, use the toilet)
Positive outcome: develop confidence to cope with future situations
(that require choice & control)
Negative outcome: doubt abilities & ashamed of self
Important Event: Toilet training

5. Stage 3: Early Childhood -- Age 2 to 6
Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
Description: Find balance between eagerness & responsibility.
Positive outcome: Certain things are not allowed,
imagination is OK.
Negative outcome: feel guilty to be independent.
Important Event: Independence

6. Stage 4: Elementary and Middle School Years – Age 6 to 12
Crisis: Competence vs. Inferiority
Description: School is important. Transition from the home to peers.
Positive outcome: Intellectual stimulation
Negative outcome: If not, they will develop a sense of inferiority.
Important Event: School

7. Stage 5: Adolescence -- Age 12 to 18
Crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Description: The "Identity Crisis", - the single most significant conflict a person must face. THE question "Who am I?"
Positive outcome: ready to plan for the future.
Negative outcome: unable to make decisions
(about vocation, sexual orientation & life in general)
Important Event: Peer Relationships

8. Stage 6: Young Adulthood -- Age 19 to 40
Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Description: Relationships. Must be capable of intimacy.
Positive outcome: Share with others
Negative outcome: fear commitment & feel isolated
Important Event: Love Relationships

9. Stage 7: Middle Adulthood -- Age 40 to 65
Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Description: "Generativity" - (care for next generation) Adults need children as much as children need adults
Positive outcome: helping the next generation
Negative outcome: self-centered and experience stagnation later in life.
Important Event: Parenting

10. Stage 8: Late Adulthood -- Age 65 to death
Crisis: Integrity vs. Despair
Description: a time for reflecting (satisfaction or disappointments)
Positive outcome: accept death with a sense of integrity.
Negative outcome: fear death.
Important Event: Acceptance of life