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Feeding Relationships New Mexico WIC Program in collaboration with New Mexico State University and Ellyn Satter Associates Esther Devall Shirley Jaquez Lisa Shields
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Feeding is a Metaphor For parent-child relationship. For family functioning.
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Levels of Intervention Primary Secondary Tertiary
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Primary Intervention Teach positive feeding. Detect risk. Provide anticipatory guidance. Support parents.
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Further Interventions Secondary - WIC nutritionists with additional training. Tertiary - referral to therapists in community.
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Issues in Feeding Children Food Selection. Feeding Relationship.
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The Issue in Feeding Children is Trust Children are internally regulated. Require trust to regulate. Ignoring their needs interferes with internal regulation. Ignoring their needs undermines their self- esteem.
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Regulation Process INTERNAL Hunger Appetite Satiety EXTERNAL Calories Food “Shoulds”
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Children Are Erratic With Eating Food acceptance varies. Accept/reject food unpredictably. The amount they eat varies. They don’t eat a square meal. They eat what tastes good.
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Equation for a Good Diet Well Balanced Meals & Snacks + Positive Eating Environment __________________________ = Well Nourished Child
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Division of Responsibility Parent: What Infant: How Much and Whether Parent: What, When, and Where Toddler: How Much and Whether
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Parent’s Tasks Choose and prepare food. Have regular meals and snacks. Make eating time pleasant. Provide mastery expectations.
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Children’s Eating Capabilities Children will eat when hungry. They know how much to eat. They will eat a variety of foods. They will grow predictably. They will mature with eating.
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Developmental Stages Homeostasis – Birth to 3 months. Attachment - 3 to 6 months. Separation-Individuation - 6 months to 3 years. Initiative - 3 to 5 years.
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Developmental Stage Homeostasis (Birth – 3 months)
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Parent’s Tasks in Homeostasis Calm and organize. Respond to infant cues.
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Developmental Stage Attachment (3 – 6 months)
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Parent’s Tasks in Attachment Maintain reciprocity. Engage child. Modulate arousal.
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Developmental Stage Separation–Individuation (6 months – 3 years)
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Parent’s Tasks in Separation-Individuation Provide opportunities to explore. Support autonomy. Provide structure. Set limits.
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Developmental Stage Initiative (3 – 5 years)
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Parent’s Tasks in Initiative Make maturity demands. Have realistic expectations. Remain present and available. Support without intruding.
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Feeding Periods Early Infancy - Nipple feeding. Late Infancy - Transition to solids. Toddler - Modified adult foods.
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Eating Skills in Early Infancy Roots for nipple. Sucks. Swallows.
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Eating Skills in Middle Infancy Begins sitting. Follows food with eyes. Lips close over spoon. Moves semi-solids to back of tongue. Swallows semi-solids.
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Eating Skills in Late Infancy Tongue moves food to side of mouth. Positions food In mouth. Delays swallow. Munches. Palms food. Scrapes food into mouth.
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Eating Skills in Toddler & Preschool Years Chews. Moves food around in mouth. No pause in side-to-side transfer. Begins to use utensils.
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Child Characteristics That Risk Feeding Difficult temperament. “At risk” or very small. Eats very large or very small amounts. Illness. Prematurely born. Physical or cognitive limitations. Requires a modified diet.
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Parent Characteristics That Risk Feeding Over-active, too stimulating. Under-active, not engaging. Chaotic or disorganized. Rigid or over-controlling. Over-concerned about child’s food selection or weight. Under-concerned about child’s food selection or weight. Has a particular agenda for growth.
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Factors In Growth Medical. Psychosocial. Feeding Relationship. Nutritional.
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Growth Patterns Normative Consistent Smooth Gradual changes Divergent Unpredictable Uneven Dramatic changes
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Feeding Relationships in WIC Clinics Certification Risk factor. Nutrition goal. One-on-One counseling. Nutrition Education Facilitated discussions. Additional Counseling Primary or secondary intervention.
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Concept Map of Feeding Relationships Division of Responsibility Child’s Responsibility Parent’s Responsibility Infant:How Much & Whether Child:How Much & Whether Infant:What Child:What, When, & Where
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