1. Life Span Development

2. Prenatal - Development

3. Genetics in Brief

4. Very Beginning At conception, you were a cell no bigger than a period. In this cell contained your blueprint…. Your genetic make-up

5. The Genetic Makeup of One Cell

6. Chromosomes Are the blueprint to you Threadlike structures made up of DNA – chemical basis of heredity 46 in each cell 23 received from each parent

7. Chromosomes

8. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) A complex molecule Contains the genetic information of each chromosome Each gene has information like eye color, hair color, height, handedness

9. Dominant and Recessive Genotype—underlying genetic makeup Phenotype—traits that are expressed Dominant genes—will always be expressed if present Recessive genes—will not be expressed unless they are in a pair

11. Sex Linked Traits Traits linked to the X or Y (sex) chromosomes Usually recessive and carried on the X chromosome Appear more frequently in one sex than another Color blindness, baldness, hemophilia, Fragile X

12. Physical and Psychological Development Related Physical development begins at conception Physical maturity sets limits on psychological ability –visual system not fully functional at birth –language system not functional until much later Prenatal environment can have lifetime influence on health and intellectual ability

13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65BV5d XXxzMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65BV5d XXxzM Video

14. Conception to Birth Prenatal Development

15. What are the three times in a woman’s life when she can’t get pregnant? Before puberty After menopause And when she is pregnant – (if she gets pregnant with another –SHE IS STILL PREGNANT) ANY OTHER TIME – A WOMAN IS FERTILE

16. Prenatal Development Prenatal defined as “before birth” Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with the birth of the child.

17. Prenatal Development Conception—when a sperm penetrates the ovum Zygote—a fertilized egg Germinal period—first two weeks after conception Embryonic period—weeks three through eight after conception Fetal period—two months after conception until birth

18. Prenatal Influences on Development Nutrition Anxiety Mother’s general health Maternal age Teratogens—any agent that causes a birth defect (e.g., drugs, radiation, viruses)

19. Ovulate

20. 350 Million Sperm

21. Uterus

22. Zygote A newly fertilized egg The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell division. the cells start specialize in function

23. Zygote cont. After 10 days zygote attaches to the mother’s uterine wall – TRANSITIONS TO THE EMBRYO STAGE It stays there for approximately the next 37 weeks

24. 5 Days old

25. Prenatal Development

26. Discussion 1.What exactly is conception? 2.What is a zygote? 3.How long does the zygote stage last?

27. Embryo 14 days until the end of the eight week Most of the major organs are formed during this time. Heartbeat, Red Blood Cells Embryo – 45 Days

28. 4 Weeks

29. Prenatal Development – 2 months

30. STOP WRITING Please stand up Jump 5 times Pick your own partner – a different person this time please Let’s discuss

31. Discussion 1.What is conception? 2.What is a zygote? 3.After the Zygote stage, what is the next stage? 4.What are the main characteristics of the embryonic stage

32. Make it’s first movements

33. Fetal Period The period between the beginning of the ninth week until birth

34. From conception to the first year Fetal stage— the 9 th week on Unmistakably human in form further development of organs and systems: marked increase in nervous system development and brain weight

36. 9 Weeks

37. 18 Weeks

38. 24 Weeks

39. 30 Weeks

40. 35 Weeks

43. Time to Process!!!!!

44. Discussion 1.What is a zygote? 2.What are the characteristics of embryos? 3.What are fetuses?

46. Umbilical Cord

47. Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKMLfQ _EH7c&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKMLfQ _EH7c&feature=related

48. Problems that can occur –Harmful influences that can cross the placenta barrier –Called teratogens-include German measles, radiation, toxic chemicals, sexually transmitted diseases, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, prescription and nonprescription drugs.

49. Teratogens Substances that pass through the placenta’s screen and prevent the fetus from developing normally Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

51. STOP Drinking and taking drugs, even over-the-counter medication

53. These children were born addicted to cocaine This child was left by her cocaine addicted mother

54. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) A series of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children due to their mother drinking large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy

56. Smoking and Birth Weight

57. Are humans completely helpless at Birth?

58. From conception to the first year Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted 20/500 legally blind. -prefer faces over other stimuli in the environment.

60. The Beginnings of Life: The Newborn

61. Infant Reflexes Rooting—turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek Sucking—sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation Babinski—fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked

62. Infant Reflexes Moro—throwing the arms out, arching the back and bringing the arms together as if to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head) Grasping—curling the fingers around an object

64. Temperament A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

65. Temperament A baby’s temperament is apparent after just a few hours of birth –“easy” babies – eat and sleep regularly –“difficult” – unpredictable, intense, & irritable

66. Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted. -prefer faces over other stimuli in the environment. Prefer the sounds of their parent’s voices over others

67. Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood

68. Infant, Toddler, Child Infant: First year Toddler: From about 1 year to 3 years of age Child: Span between toddler and teen

69. Neural Development

70. Maturation Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior

71. Motor Development Includes all physical skills and muscular coordination When did you first roll over, sit up, walk, ride a bike???

72. Motor Development

73. Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

74. Stranger Anxiety The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8 months of age Lasts until approx. 2 1/2

75. Attachment An emotional tie with another person resulting in seeking closeness Children develop strong attachments to their parents and caregivers. Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all contribute to attachment.

76. Factors affecting attachment: -Neglect, abuse, and deprivation adversely affect attachment, however, differences in normal child- rearing practices have no affect

77. Daycare does not affect attachment Temperament, chronic stress, and rejection can affect attachment Cultural expectations can also play a role

78. Familiarity Sense of contentment with that which is already known Infants are familiar with their parents and caregivers.

79. Responsiveness Responsive parents are aware of what their children are doing. Unresponsive parents ignore their children--helping only when they want to.

80. Securely or Insecurely Attached Securely attached – children will explore their environment when primary caregiver is present Insecurely attached – children will appear distressed and cry when caregiver leaves. Will cling to them when they return

81. Harry Harlow Did research with infant monkeys on how body contact relates to attachment The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother or a wire mother that provided food.

82. The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother.

84. Effects of Attachment Secure attachment predicts social competence. Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative outcome. A responsive environment helps most infants recover from attachment disruption.