1. Emotional Development in Infancy
Specific Emotions
At first there is pleasure and pain
Curiosity is evident
social smiles are evoked by a human face, normally evident about 6 weeks after birth
anger is evident at 6 months
Sadness is presented as withdrawal and an increased level of stress hormone.

2. Emotional Development in Infancy
Fear
fully formed fear in response to some person, thing, or situation emerges at about 9 months
stranger wariness… infant no longer smiles at any friendly faces, and cries if an unfamiliar person moves to close, too quickly
separation anxiety… expressed in tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves

3. Emotional Development in Infancy
separation anxiety is normal at age 1
intensifies by age 2, and usually subsides after that
1-year-olds fear not just strangers but also anything unexpected
emotions that emerge in the first month strengthen at about age 1

4. Emotional Development
New emotions appear toward the end of the end year
Pride, shame, embarassment and guilt.
Need awareness of other people.

5. Emotional Development in Infancy
Self Awareness
... emotional growth that has the infant realizing that his or her body, mine,
and actions are separate from those
of other people
around age 1 an emerging sense of “me” and “mine”
self-recognition emerges at about 18 months
pretending and using first person pronouns also emerges at that time.
I, me, mine, myself, my

6. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
Freud: Oral and Anal Stages
the first year is the oral stage
the mouth is the young infant’s primary source of gratification
the second year is the anal stage
the infant’s main pleasure comes from the anus… sensual pleasure of bowel movement… the psychological pleasure of controlling them.

7. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
Erikson: Trust and Autonomy
first psychosocial crisis (trust vs. mistrust)… infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, etc.) are met
second stage crisis of psychosocial development (autonomy vs. shame and doubt)… toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies

8. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
Behaviorism
emotions and personality are molded as parents reinforce or punish the child’s spontaneous behaviors
Infants experience social learning… learning by observing others
apparent in families… from giggling to cursing… much like their parents

9. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
Cognitive Theory
holds that thoughts and values determine a person’s perspectives
early experiences are important
beliefs, perceptions and memories
infants use early relationships to develop a working model for future relationships.
a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences

10. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
Epigenetic Theory
holds that every human characteristic is strongly influenced by each person’s unique genotype… inborn predispositions

11. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
Temperament
Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-control.
Temperament is epigenetic, originating in genes but can be modified by experiences.

12. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
The Parents’ Role
infant temperament often changes with adult guidance
interaction between culture influences and inherited traits tend to shape behavior by early childhood.
parents need to find a goodness of fit
goodness of fit is a similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community

13. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
Sociocultural Theory
“…human development occurs in a cultural context.”
sociocultural theorists argue culture:
has a substantial influence on infants
has a major impact on infant-caregiver relationships, thus the development of the infant
So the is question…
How much influence does culture have?

14. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
Ethnotheories
ethnotheory
a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture and that becomes apparent through analysis and comparison of those practices, although it is not usually apparent to the people within the culture

15. Theories About Infant Psychosocial Development
Proximal and Distal Parenting
proximal parenting
parenting practices that involve close physical contact with the child’s entire body, such as cradling and swinging
distal parenting
parenting practices that focus on the intellect more than the body, such as talking with the baby and playing with an object

16. The Development of Social Bonds
Synchrony
is a coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant
an exchange in which they respond to each other with split-second timing
Infants learn to read others emotions
Develop skills of social interaction
Adults echo infants emotions and try and make them more positive
Experience-expectant

17. The Development of Social Bonds
Attachment
A lasting emotional bond the one person has with another.
Forms in infancy
a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time
New, close relationships that arise later in life are influenced by this attachment.

18. The Development of Social Bonds
Secure and Insecure Attachment
secure attachment
relationships in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
insecure-avoidant attachment
a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return

19. The Development of Social Bonds
Secure and Insecure Attachment
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
a pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant is very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return

20. The Development of Social Bonds
Secure and Insecure Attachment

21. The Development of Social Bonds
Measuring Attachment
strange situation
developed by Ainsworth
a laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reaction to stress
Stranger and caregiver leave and enter playroom
Reaction to caregiver = attachment
Reaction to stranger = matter of temperament

22. The Development of Social Bonds
Measuring Attachment

23. The Development of Social Bonds
Insecure Attachment and Social Settings
infants shift in attachment status between one age and another
most troubled children may be those who are classified as type D (table 7.4)

24. The Development of Social Bonds
Social Referencing
seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions—that other person becomes a social reference

25. The Development of Social Bonds
Referencing Mothers
most social referencing occurs with mothers
infants heed their mother’s wishes, expressed in tone and facial expression
Mothers tend to be more comforting, protective and cautious.

26. The Development of Social Bonds
Referencing Fathers
increases in maternal employment have expanded the social references available to infants
fathers now spend considerable time with their children
Fathers tend to be more encouraging than mothers
More fun

27. The Development of Social Bonds
Infant Day Care
more than ½ of all 1-year-olds in the U.S. are in “regular scheduled” nonmaternal care
family day care
child care that occurs in another caregiver’s home—usually the caregiver is paid at a lower rate than in center care, and usually one person shares of several children of various ages
center day care
child care in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid providers care for many children. Usually the children are grouped by age, the day care center is licensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development