1. Human Growth and Development
Chapter 8
Human Growth and Development

2. Life Stages Infancy: birth to 1 year Early childhood: 1–6 years
Late childhood: 6–12 years
Adolescence: 12–20 years
Early adulthood: 20–40 years
Middle adulthood: 40–65 years
Late adulthood: 65 years and older

3. Growth and Development Types
Physical: Body Growth
Mental: Mind Development
Emotional: Feelings
Social: Interactions and Relationships with others
Four Types above occur in each stage

4. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst
8 stages of Psychosocial Development
Each stage establishes the foundation for the next
A basic conflict or need must be met in each stage
If a person is not able to resolve the conflict, the person will struggle with the conflict later in life.

5. Infancy Basic Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust Major life event: Feeding
Age: birth to 1 year old
Most dramatic and rapid changes
Newborn 6-8 lbs inches
End of 1st year weight lbs inches
Muscles & Nerves Dramatic changes
Startle, rooting, sucking, grasp reflex
4-6 months show emotion
4 months recognize caregivers, 6 months shy away from strangers, 12 months interact with familiar people

6. Toddler. Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Toddler Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt Major life event: Toilet Training
Age: 1 – 3 years
20-25 lbs. 30 inches
Run, Climb Grab, developing
Short Attention span
Self Awareness & recognize their effect on others
Accept or defy the limits
Self-centered
Fear any separation
Reassurance without overprotection

7. Preschool. Basic Conflict: Initiative vs Guilt
Preschool Basic Conflict: Initiative vs Guilt Major life event: Independence
Age: 3–6 years old
Run, Climb, grab freely
1,500 2,500 words. Ask frequent questions
Uses imagination
Learns right & wrong. Conscience
Gain more control over emotions
Learn to Trust other people
Sociable , friends important
Be responsible without feelings of guilt

8. School Age. Basic Conflict: Industry vs Inferiority
School Age Basic Conflict: Industry vs Inferiority Major life event: School
Age: 6–12 years old
4-7 lbs. per & 2-3 inches per year
Complex motor development
Fears replaced with the ability to cope
Approval of others, follow behavior of the group
Form groups of their own sex
Make friends more easily
Spend more time with others their own age, less time with parents

9. Adolescence. Basic Conflict: Identity vs Role Confusion
Adolescence Basic Conflict: Identity vs Role Confusion Major life event: Peers
Age: 12–18 years old
Often traumatic life stage
“growth spurt” 25 lbs. gain & several inches can occur in months girls in boys
Muscle coordination cannot keep up, clumsiness
Puberty
Establish identity & independence.
Worry about their appearance, ability & relationships
Respond to peer group influences
Adolescents need reassurance, support, and understanding

10. Eating Disorders
Often develop from an excessive concern with appearance
Anorexia nervosa
Reduces food intake or refuses to eat
Bulimia
Binge (excessive) eating and then fasting. May induce vomiting or use laxatives to remove food that has been eaten
More common in females
Usually, psychological or psychiatric intervention is needed to treat these conditions
Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence

11. Chemical Abuse
Use of alcohol or drugs with the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical
Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence
Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases
Treatment towards total rehabilitation

12. Reasons Chemicals Used
Trying to relieve stress or anxiety
Peer pressure
Escape from either emotional or psychological problems
Experimentation
Seeking “instant gratification”

13. Suicide One of the leading causes of death in adolescents
Permanent solution to temporary problem
Impulsive nature of adolescents
Most give warning signs which include:
Withdrawal or moodiness
Neglect of personal hygiene
Alcohol or drug abuse
Lose of interest in hobbies or life interests
Injuring one’s body
Giving away possessions

14. Reasons for Suicide Depression Grief over a loss or love affair
Failure in school
Inability to meet expectations
Influence of suicidal friends or parents
Lack of self-esteem
Increased Risk
Family history of suicide
A major loss or disappointment
Previous suicide attempts
Recent suicide of friends, family, or role models (heroes or idols)

15. Early/ Young Adulthood. Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation
Early/ Young Adulthood Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation Major life event: Love Relationships
Age: 20–40 years old
Physical & mental complete, prime childbearing time
Most productive life stage
Decision making, forming judgments
Emotional stresses related to career, marriage, family
Take responsibility for their actions, find satisfaction in achievements, accept criticism, profit from mistakes

16. Middle Adulthood (Middle Age) Basic Conflict: Generosity vs Stagnation Major life event: Parenting
Age: 40–65 years of age
Physical decline. Hair grey, skin wrinkle, muscle weak, hearing loss, menopause in women
Mental development
Emotionally contentment & satisfaction or time of crisis
Job stability, financial success, good health, end of child rearing
Job loss, fear of aging, marital or children problems, aging parents
Family relationships decline as children move out and parents die.
Marriage may improve with more time or divorce as couples stayed together for the children's sake

17. Late Adulthood. Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs Despair
Late Adulthood Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs Despair Major life event: Reflection on and Acceptance of Life
Age: 65 years of age and older
Skin dry, wrinkled, thin loose. Brown age spots. Bad posture from loss of cartilage. Bones weak, muscle tone loss, memory loss
Alzheimer’s – Memory loss, intellectual function, speech & balance
Some elderly happy & enjoy life, lonely, depressed, withdrawn
Retirement can lead to loss of self-esteem. Death of spouse or friends. Nursing homes.
The elderly need a sense of belonging, self-esteem, financial security, social acceptance, and love

18. Death and Dying Death is “the final stage of growth”
Experienced by everyone and no one escapes
Young people tend to ignore it and pretend it doesn’t exist
Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death
Terminal Illness -Disease that cannot be cured and will result in death
Some patients fear the unknown while others view death as a final peace

19. Research (continued)
Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying and because of her research
She identified five stages of grieving
Dying patients and their families and friends may experience these stages
Stages may not occur in order
Some patients may not progress through them all, others may experience several stages at once

20. Stages of Death and Dying
Denial—refuses to believe
Anger—when no longer able to deny
Bargaining—accepts death, but wants more time
Bargain with God for more time
Turn to religion
Depression—realizes death will come soon
Acceptance—understands and accepts the fact they are going to die

21. Right to Die
Since health workers are ethically concerned with promoting life, allowing patients to die can cause conflict
“right to die” patients can refuse measures that would prolong life
Under these laws specific actions to end life cannot be taken
Hospice encourages LIVE promise
Learn about end-of-life care
Implement advanced directives
Voice decisions
Engage others about end-of-life care options

22. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow a psychologist
An individual must meet the lower needs in order to move to higher needs
Physiological Needs
Safety & Security
Love and Affection
Esteem
Self-Actualization

23. Needs Physiological Safety Love and Affection Esteem
Food, water, oxygen, shelter
Safety
Secure environment. Free from anxiety & fear
Love and Affection
Social acceptance, friendship & to be loved
Esteem
Feeling important & worthwhile
Self Actualization
Reach full potential