1. Socialization Chapter 3 Henslin’s Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach
(Rubinfield and Zumpetta)

2. The Debate:
There has been an ongoing debate over whether nature (heredity) or nurture (social environment) most determines human behavior

3. What is human nature?
Although both “nature” and “nurture” influence human behavior, studies of feral, isolated and institutionalized children indicate that social interaction is indispensable to human development and ultimately it is society that makes people “human”.

4. Skeels and Dye Experiments:
In the 1930’s, and again in the 1050’s, sociologists
H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye performed two studies.
The first study determined that institutionalized infants given loving care and attention by mentally retarded woman scored significantly higher on IQ testing.
When the same group of children was re-examined twenty-one years later, it was found that they were far more successful adults than the control group of children who had not been given the supplemental nurturing care as children.

5. Natural Language:
Studies of isolated children demonstrate that human beings have no ‘natural language’. Language must be learned through social contact and interaction.

6. Charles Horton Cooley: (1864-1939)
‘The Looking Glass Self’
The process by which a sense of self develops
We imagine how we appear to those around us
We interpret other’s reactions - are we being evaluated positively or negatively?
We develop a self-concept - feelings and ideas about ourselves

7. George Herbert Mead: (1863-1931)
Play is crucial to the developing self
In play, children learn to take the role of others understanding how someone else feels and sees events and thinks and to anticipate how that person will act.
Mead found through simple experiments with children that this ability to take the role of others develops slowly as we grow.

8. Stages in taking the role of others:
Imitation –Children under the age of three can only imitate the actions of others. This stage is actually not role taking but prepares children for the next stage.
Play – Ages 3-6 children pretend to take the roles of specific people.
Games – Organized play and team games roughly coincide with the early school years.

9. Studied how we learn to reason
Jean Piaget ( ):
Studied how we learn to reason
The four stages of childhood:
Sensorimotor – Birth till 2 years of age
Preoperational – 2 till 7 years of age
Concrete Operational – 7-12 years
Formal Operational- after the age of 12

10. Sensorimotor:
During this stage the infants understanding is limited to direct contact with the environment.
They do not even realize that their bodies are separate form the environment around them.
They can nor recognize ‘cause’ and ‘effect’ and do not realize that their actions cause things to happen.

11. Preoperational Stage:
During this stage, children develop the ability to use symbols however they still do not understand common concepts such as size, speed and causation.

12. Concrete Operational Stage:
Although reasoning abilities are more developed and children in this stage can now understand numbers, causation and speed, and are able to take the role of others, without concrete examples, they are unable to talk about concepts such as truth, honesty, or justice.

13. Formal Operational Stage:
After the age of twelve, most children are capable of abstract thinking.
They can talk about concepts, come to conclusions based on general principles and see rules to solve abstract problems.

14. Lawrence Kohlberg:
The development of morality is significant in what a humans become.
Kohlberg concluded through many studies that we go through stages as we develop morality.

15. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development:
Amoral Stage (Birth – 7): no right or wrong
Preconventional Stage (From 7-10): Have learned rules and follow them to stay out of trouble
Conventional Stage (after 10) Begin to follow the norms and values that have been taught to them
Postconventional Stage: Kohlberg says most don’t reach – people reflect on abstracts

16. Carol Gilligan: Studied gender differences in morality
Because Kohlberg’s studies were performed only with male participants, Gilligan performed a follow up study with both sexes represented. She concluded that woman evaluate morality in terms of personal relationships while men thought more along the lines of abstract principles that define right and wrong.
Later retesting by Wark and Krebs (1996) found no difference between genders and found both men and woman used both personal relationships and abstract principles when making moral judgments.

17. Sigmund Freud (1855-1939) Three elements to personality.
ID – each child is born with the element focused on self gratification. The id operates throughout life and seeks immediate fulfillment of basic needs: attention, safety, hunger, sex etc.
EGO- as children develop and learn to act based on the norms and other constraints that may block their desires, a conflict arises. To help adapt to these constraints an ego developed. It is the balancing force between the ID and the demands society places on it.
Superego – the conscience of the personality, the superego represents culture within us.
A balancing act is ongoing between these personality elements throughout our lives.

18. Socialization’s significance:
Socialization is critical not only to the development of the mind but the emotions as well – affecting not only how people express their emotions, but also what emotions they may feel.

19. Gender Socialization:
How a male or female is brought up within a society and impacted by family, the media, societal institutions and other agents of socialization that teach children from birth to act ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’ based on their sex alone.

20. What are ‘gender messages’?
Our parents own gender orientations so deeply embedded in them that they also teach us gender roles, the behaviors and attitudes considered appropriate for our sex, without being aware of what they are doing.
Also reinforced by
Mass media
Video Games
Peer Groups
We are each born into a society where ‘male’ and ‘female’ are significant symbols.
Gender is a primary basis used for social inequities

21. What are the major socialization agents in the US?
The Family and Social Class
The Neighborhood
Religion
Day Care
Schools
Peer Groups
Workplace
Sports

22. What is resocialization?
The process of learning new norms and values and attitudes and behaviors.

23. What are Total Institutions ?
Total Institutions are places in which people are cut off from the rest of society and are almost totally controlled by the officials who run the place.

24. Socialization as a lifelong process…
Each stage in our lifecourse require specific and varying needs…
Infancy 0-2
Childhood 2-12
Adolescence 13-17
Young adulthood 18-29
Early Middle Years 30-49
Middle Years 50-65
Older Years 65 and older

25. Significance of Social Location:
Social Class
Race
Gender

26. Are we prisoners of our socialization?
Individuals can and do exercise a great deal of freedom over which agents of socialization to follow, and which cultural messages to accept or reject from those agents of socialization
******