1. Chapter 4 Roots, bases, stems & other structural things
Morphology
Lane 333

2. Roots Some elements of the word are more central than others
Root: the central morpheme, or the key element to which others are added
Roots have a lexical (dictionary) meaning, but some (lingu, arrog) have a full meaning only when joined to other elements

3. Exercise 4.1 identify the roots of the following words.
hymns breakage insane majority
outbreak linked renew boarder
knowingly actions rediscover untainted

4. Exercise
4.3 identify the morphemes which are used to form derived lexemes
warmth passage accountable endanger
neutralize hearty consultant preschool

5. Affixes & the base Affixes not independent added to other elements
not all affixes are lexical (also grammatical)

6. The base Base: whatever you can add affixes to
All roots are bases (but not vice versa)
can be a plain root (e.g. switch)
or more than one plain root (e.g. window-seat)
or a root + one or more affixes (e.g. ex-husband)

7. The stem Stem: what you add grammatical affixes to
a special kind of base
All stems are bases, but not all bases can be stems in English because some lexical categories (e.g. prepositions) don’t take grammatical affixes

8. Summary Root: morpheme in which the rest of the word is built
Base: any structure to which an affix may be added
Stem: any base to which a grammatical affix may be added
Affix (1): lexical affixes form separate dictionary words by being attached to bases (derivation)
Affix (2): Grammatical affixes add grammatical meanings to the meaning of their stems (inflection)

9. Examples crow base consisting of a single root
crows base consisting of a single root; stem+ gram. Affix
crowbar base consisting of two roots
crowbars stem+ gram. Affix
minority base consisting of root+ affix
gentlemanly base consisting of two roots+ lexical affix
southernmost base consisting of root+ lexical affix
deserted base consisting of a root; also a stem
Irish- American base consisting of two bases, each consisting of a root+ a lexical affix

10. Exercise
4.8 which words consist entirely of roots and/or affixes which are bound morphemes?
outgrow presently quicksilver bathrooms
agriculture reinvent bricklayer sleepyhead

11. Conversions Conversions:
pairs of words which belong to different lexical categories (e.g. drink, love, review)

12. Compounds
Head: the most important element in a compound (e.g ‘bag’ in ‘handbag’; a kind of bag)
The head is of the same lexical category as the compound itself
e.g.: pathway (noun)
househunt (verb)
headstrong (adj)
Dependant: the element in a compound word which depends on the head (e.g. hand)

13. Compounds Endocentric: having the centre inside (e.g. junkmail)
Exocentric: having the centre outside (e.g. Redeye)