2. Hamamatsu, November 2007 Methods and Tehniques in Surface Science Prof. Dumitru LUCA “Alexandru Ion Cuza” University, Iasi, Romania

3. Hamamatsu, November 2007 Ioni Spectroscopies SIMS/SNMS SIMS/SNMS (Secondary Ion/Neutral Mass Spectroscopy) – the most sensitive elemental. Difficulties in interpretation of spectra… Sputtering: incident ion ≠ emergent ion. Requires HV/UHV conditions. Detectioin: mass spectrometry RBS RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy) – scattering of high-energy (MeV) incident ions on sample NUCLEI. Probing depth – a copuple of  m! Scattering: incident ion = emergent ion Sputtering effect is minor (sputtering cross-section sectiunea is almost nil at that energy values). Detection: solid-state scintillators. Equipment: particle accelerator. LEISS (ISS) LEISS (ISS) (Low-Energy Ion scattering Spectroscopy) – scattering of incident ions imprastierea on the atoms in the topmost layer of the surface. Requires UHV. Equipment: Dedicated LEIS spectrometer Detection – electrostatic analizer.

4. Hamamatsu, November 2007 Low Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (LEIS) E 1 – kinetic energy of scattered ions; E 0 – kinetic energy of the incident ion (100 – 10 000 eV); M 1 – mass of the incident iont; M 2 – mass of the scattering atom;  L – scattering angle. Allows for qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of surface composition. << d ij → Classical Mechanics Interaction potential ?? Coulmb Potential Screening function a 0 – Bohr radius of the scattering atom. Incident ions experience to a lesser extent the presence of nucleus due to electrostatic screening. (in RBS the screening function = 1)

5. Hamamatsu, November 2007  The optimum performance in terms of mass discrimination involves: in the topmost layer of the sample surface, exclusively.  Due to very high neutralization probability of the incident ions by impact with the atoms in the surface, the LEIS technique provides information on the nature of the ions in the topmost layer of the sample surface, exclusively. Low Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (LEIS)  For a scattering angle values of  L = 90 0 (forward scattering) and  L = 180 0 (backward scattering), the previous equation becomes even simpler:

6. Hamamatsu, November 2007 The intensity of the detected current, I, is a function of the number of the atoms of a species k, N k, via the equuation: I = K I p N k  P i W where:  - scattering cross-section (= probability that an incident ion be scattered towards the detector, after a collision with an atom of species k), I p – incident beam current, P i – the probability that an ion remains un-neutralized after a collision, W – entrance solid angle of the detector. The above equation is seldom used for quantitative analysis, since the P i parameter is hardly known. Data processing involves to know the scattering cross-section and the probability for impact neutralization/re-ionization Data processing involves to know the scattering cross-section and the probability for impact neutralization/re-ionization. Usually we rather want to calibrate the LEISS machine by using standard samples. Most frequently, LEISS is associated with complementary techniques. Low Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy

7. Hamamatsu, November 2007 LEIS - Instrumentation Schematics of the LEIS setup, using the TOF spectroscopy to detect forward- and backward scattered particles. Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Vol. 162, 1979, p 587.

8. Hamamatsu, November 2007 TOF basics In reality, correction factors should be taking into accountm ostly in the case of reflectron configuration :

9. Hamamatsu, November 2007 A LEIS spectrum showing the evolution of a topmost layer of the Ti during titanium nitridation The evolution of the LEIS Ti peak area with pressure. A Ti surface is exposed to a nitrogen atmosphere in UHV. LEISS applications Incident beam: 3 keV 3 He Detection angle = 135 0

10. Hamamatsu, November 2007 N/O substitution at Ti surface