1. Perception, Personality, and Emotion

2. Perception and Personality, and Emotions
Questions for Consideration
Questions for Consideration
What is perception?
What causes people to have different perceptions of the same situation?
Can people be mistaken in their perceptions?
Does perception really affect outcome?
What is personality and how does it affect behaviour?
Can emotions help or get in the way when dealing with others?

3. Perception What is Perception? Why Is it Important?
The process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Why Is it Important?
Because people’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important.

4. Why We Study Perceptions
We study this topic to better understand how people make attributions about events.
We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality.
The attribution process guides our behaviour, regardless of the truth of the attribution

5. Factors Influencing Perception
The Perceiver
The Target
The Situation

6. Factors that Influence Perception
The Target •
Novelty
Motion
Sounds
Size
Background
Proximity
The Perceiver
Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations
The Situation
Time
Work setting
Social setting

7. Perceptual Errors Attribution Theory Selective Perception Halo Effect
Contrast Effects
Projection
Stereotyping

8. Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
Distinctiveness
Does individual act the same way in other situations?
Consensus
Does individual act the same as others in same situation?
Consistency
Does the individual act the same way over time?

9. Attribution Theory Fundamental Attribution Error Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others.
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

10. Attribution Theory Attribution Observation Interpretation of cause
High
(Seldom)
Distinctiveness
External
(How often does the
person do this in
Internal
other settings?)
Low
(Frequently)
High
(Frequently)
Consensus
External
Individual
(How often do other
behaviour
people do this in
Internal
similar situations?)
Low
(Seldom)
High
(Frequently)
Consistency
Internal
(How often did the
person do this in
External
the past?)
Low
(Seldom)

11. Additional Perceptual Errors
Selective Perception
People selectively interpret what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes
Halo Effect
Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic
Contrast Effects
A person’s evaluation is affected by comparisons with other individuals recently encountered

12. Additional Perceptual Errors
Projection
Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people
Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of your perception of the group to which that person belongs

13. Personality Personality Determinants Personality Traits
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
Personality Determinants
Heredity
Environment
Situation
Personality Traits
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour
The Big Five Model

14. Sixteen Primary Personality Traits1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Reserved Less intelligent Affected by feelings Submissive Serious Expedient Timid Tough-minded Trusting Practical Forthright Self-assured Conservative Group-dependent Uncontrolled Relaxed
vs.
Outgoing
More intelligent
Emotionally stable
Dominant
Happy-go-lucky
Conscientious
Venturesome
Sensitive
Suspicious
Imaginative
Shrewd
Apprehensive
Experimenting
Self-sufficient
Controlled
Tense

15. The Big Five Model Classifications Extroversion Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience

16. Big Five Personality Factors and Performance
Relationship to Job Performance
Relationship to Team Performance
Extroversion
* Positively related to job performance in occupations requiring social interaction
* Positively related to training proficiency for all occupations
* Positively related to team performance
* Positively related to degree of participation within team
Agreeableness
* Positively related to job performance in service jobs
* Most studies found no link between agreeableness and performance or productivity in teams
* Some found a negative link between person’s likeability and team performance
Conscientiousness
* Positively related to job performance for all occupational groups
* May be better than ability in predicting job performance

17. Big Five Personality Factors and Performance
Relationship to Job Performance
Relationship to Team Performance
Emotional Stability
* A minimal threshold amount may be necessary for adequate performance; greater degrees not
related to job performance
* Positively related to performance in service jobs
* May be better than ability in predicting job performance across all occupational groups
Openness to Experience
*Positively related to training proficiency
*Data unavailable

18. Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB
Locus of Control
Machiavellianism
Self-Esteem
Self-Monitoring
Risk Taking
Type A and Type B Personalities

19. Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they are in control of their own fate
Internals
Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them
Externals
Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance

20. Machiavellianism
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means

21. Self-Esteem
Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking of themselves

22. Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external situational factors

23. Risk-Taking
Refers to a person’s willingness to take chances or risks

24. Type A Personality Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly.
Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place.
Strive to think or do two or more things at once.
Cannot cope with leisure time.
Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

25. Type B Personality
Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience.
Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation.
Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost.
Can relax without guilt.

26. THE END