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Review Sessions for Exam III Wednesday April 11, 3:30 P.M. HUMB 360 Thursday April 12, 7:30 P.M. Thursday April 12, 7:30 P.M.
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Totalitarianism and the Decline of the West The era of individualism, liberalism and democracy, of humanitarianism and freedom, is nearing its end. The masses will accept with resignation the victory of the Caesars, the strong men, and will obey them. -Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West
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I. The Tragedy of Versailles
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A. The Progressives’ War 1. 14 Points Internationalism 1. 14 Points Internationalism Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson
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B. 1918 1. Final gamble Ludendorff Offensive (March) Wilhelm II abdicates (November) “November Criminals”
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D. Opportunity missed 1. Diktat article 231 - responsibility / reparations 2. League of Nations 3. Reorganized empires - mandates
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Legacy of Versailles 1. Allies not interested in progressive war - disillusionment w/ “democracy” 2. US rejects League - return to near-isolationism 3. Europe festers
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3. League of Nations too weak to: - establish new balance of power - rebuild Europe - contend with Bolshevism in the East - contend with Bolshevism in the East
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Dictatorship and Ideology “I was ripe to be converted” - Arthur Koestler 1949
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I. Revolution in Russia 1917-1920 Fall of the Romanov Dynasty Nicholas II Nicholas II
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A. Reform & Repression 1. 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War - 1905-07 “Revolution” 2. The “Mad Monk” Rasputin
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B. Feb/March Revolution 1. Provisional Government - Alexander Kerensky - Alexander Kerensky
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2. Soviets (workers and soldiers) - consensus lacking; locally independent
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3. Kerensky Offensive 1917
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C. Red October 1. Social Democrats (Marxists) - historical dialectic
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2. Mensheviks - parliamentary means Bolsheviks - violent revolution -- bourgeois self-absorption -- discipline -- discipline
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3. V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) - professional revolutionaries - professional revolutionaries - role of soviets - role of soviets 4. April Theses - peace, land and bread
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5. Storming the Winter Palace Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky
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D. Bolsheviks establish power 1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
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2. The Russian Civil War, 1917-1920
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3. Elimination of the Czar, 1918
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4. Politburo - socialist dictatorship - socialist dictatorship 5. New Economic Policy, 1921-28
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Fanaticism and Salvation Thomas Mann 1875-1955 Humanity seems to have run like boys let out of school away from the humanitarian, idealistic nineteenth century, from whose morality – if we can speak at all of morality in this connection – represents a wide and wild reaction. - “An Appeal to Reason” 1931 - “An Appeal to Reason” 1931
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A. Stalinization 1. Totalitarianism - mind and body - v. Trotsky
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2. Forced industrialization - 5-Year Plans - Collectivization Liquidation of the kulaks
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3. Comintern 4. Great Purges, 1934-38 “Gulag Archipelago” Solzhenitsyn Solzhenitsyn
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5. Stalin’s foreign policy - Treaty of Rapallo, 1924 - Mutual Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
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B. Betrayal of Socialism 1. Stalin’s “Animal Farm” - ideology v. humanity - NKVD “Black Ravens” - Socialist dictatorship 2. Left in crisis George Orwell George Orwell
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II. Italian Fascism Nationalism Anti-liberal values Politics of the Irrational
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A. Legacy of Unification 1. Weak liberal/democratic tradition 2. Failures of WWI
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B. Mussolini’s Italy 1. Benito Mussolini 1922-43 2. Fascio - “witch’s brew” of ideologies - politics of the irrational
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3. Attack on “bourgeois” values 4. Squadristi “black shirts”
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5. Alliance with industrialists - corporative system 6. Cult of Personality Il Duce - fasces
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7. Lateran Treaty, 1929 - Linkage of fascism to anti-modernism
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C. The New Roman Empire 1. Militarism - Ethiopia ’35 - Albania ’39 2. Pact of Steel, 1939
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III. The Spanish Civil War Dress rehearsal for WWII, 1936-39 Guernica - Pablo Picasso
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A. The Spanish Republic 1. 1931, Popular Front 2. Republican v. Nationalist - Francisco Franco
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B. International Event 1. Condor Legion 2. International Brigade - Abraham Lincoln Brigade Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls
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IV. Paralyzed democracy DepressionDivisionIsolation Salvador Dali
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A. France 1. Political polarization 2. Depression cancels out reform Leon Blum Leon Blum
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B. Great Britain 1. Maintaining Empire 2. Fascist fan club - British Union of Fascists - Edward VIII
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C. The United States and the New Deal 1. Leftward expansion 2. Groundwork for prosperity FDR
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Totalitarian Europe Rhineland ’36 Anschluss ’37 Munich Agreement ‘38 Poland, ‘39
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