1.  What is terrorism? Definition: political violence: violence or the threat of violence, especially bombing, kidnapping, and assassination, carried out for political purposes, the experience of terror or fear as the proximate aim of that violence  The moral question : Can terrorism ever be morally justified?

2.  The tactic of intentionally targeting non- combatants [or non-combatant property, when significantly related to life and security] with lethal or severe violence … meant to produce political results via the creation of fear (Coady 2001: 1697).  The deliberate use of violence, or threat of its use, against innocent people, with the aim of intimidating some other people into a course of action they otherwise would not take (Primoratz 2004: 24  The deliberate use of violence, or threat of its use, against innocent people, with the aim of intimidating some other people into a course of action they otherwise would not take (Primoratz 2004: 24).

3.  Zealots- 1 st Century against Roman occupiers.  French Revolution-”Reign of Terror’- guillotine.  Irish Republic Army (1867)- today- Fenians

4.  Russia-1881-Assasination of Tsar Alexander & his family.  1893-Macedonian Revolutionaries- 1934- assasination of Alexander  Munich Massacre -1972; Lockerbie –Pan Am -1988; Olympic Park bombing-96  Bali bombing-2002/5;Madrid-July 7, 2005; NY Trade Center -September 11, 2001

5.  “Killing of innocents to affecting morale.”-  Attacks on London, on Berlin, Dresden & on Hiroshima.  Genocide- Turkey- Armenians; Holocaust, Bosnia, Somalia; Rwanda

6.  Stop “peace” processes.  Demonstrate opposition to U.S. government or others.  Punish advancing science and technology- “Unabomber”  Seeking independence-Basque

7.  Def: “The active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, & commands of government or of an occupying power without resorting to physical violence.  Gandhi, South Africa, M.L. King, Henry David Thoreau

8.  Biological Weapons Convention-1972 The parties undertake not to develop, produce, stockpile, or acquire biological agents or toxins- that have no justification for prophylactic, protective, and other peaceful purposes, as well as weapons and means of delivery.”  “The parties undertake not to develop, produce, stockpile, or acquire biological agents or toxins- that have no justification for prophylactic, protective, and other peaceful purposes, as well as weapons and means of delivery.”

9.  Joint Statement- 2005  We reaffirm our support for the Convention. We will continue to work to strengthen it by a work plan and to press for full implementation and compliance in 2006. (US,UK & Russian Federation)