1. Week 4: Control Structures - Repetition
BJ Furman
17SEP2012

2. The Plan for Today Review control structures Repetition structures
Sequence
Selection
Repetition
Repetition structures
While
Do/While
For
Repetition structure example

3. Learning Objectives
Explain the three basic types of control structures
Explain how the three kinds of repetition structures work
Apply the concept of repetition control structures to a practical problem

4. Control Structures - Review
All programs can be written in terms of three control structures (like building blocks)
Sequence
‘Built-in’ to C
Unless otherwise directed, one statement after the next is executed
Selection (three types: IF, IF-ELSE, SWITCH)
Depending on a condition, select between one statement or another
If var1 is greater than 10, do this…, else do that…
Repetition (three types: WHILE, DO-WHILE, FOR)
Depending on a condition, execute one or more statements repeatedly
Your first programs were simply been a grouping of statements, which are executed one after the next from the beginning of the program to the end. This, ‘one after the next’ flow of a program is called a sequence structure. Such simple, sequential programs have their place, but there is much more that can be done by applying the other two control structures: selection and repetition, to control the flow of which statements are executed.
In this lecture, we are going to look into the third control structures: repetition

5. Selection Structure - Review
Three kinds of selections structures
IF (also called, ‘single-selection’)
if condition is true
Perform action
if condition is false, action is skipped
IF/ELSE (also called, ‘double-selection’)
else (if condition is false)
Perform a different action
SWITCH (also called ‘multiple-selection’)
Allows selection among many actions depending on the value of a variable or expression

6. Repetition Structure Often need to repeat an action or calculation
Ex. Find and print the distance traveled by an object dropped from a height at t = 0 sec each second over the next 10 seconds
Repetition structures are often called ‘loops’
t=10
Up until now, you would have had to write 10 lines of code to calculate D at t=0, 1, 2, … 10 seconds and 10 print statements. This would be tedious to say the least! Let’s use the repetition structure to leverage what the computer can do well (execute actions quickly).
A dynamics problem (ME 101) mg
Equation of motion

7. 3 Types of Repetition Structures
while
do/while
for
while tests a condition at the beginning of the loop
condition must first be true for the loop to run even once
do/while tests a condition at the end of the loop
loop will run at least once
for facilitates initializing and incrementing the variable that controls the loop
Especially helpful for:
Looping for a known number of times
Loops that count or that need to increment a variable

8. while Loop – Pseudocode wording
WHILE condition is TRUE, repeat:
Statement1
Statement2
Etc.
END WHILE

9. while Loop - Flowchart View
Statement is executed while condition is true
Note that the condition must first be true in order for the statement to be executed even once
statement
TRUE
FALSE
condition

10. while loop C syntax statement1; /* execute this statement */
General form of a while loop:
while(condition) /* while condition is TRUE (i.e., ! = 0) */
statement1; /* execute this statement */
When condition becomes false (i.e. == 0), looping stops and the next statement is executed
Compound statement form:
while(condition) {
statement1;
statement2;
statement3; // etc. }
As the flow of control enters the while loop, the expression is evaluated. If the expression is not equal to zero (i.e. true), then statement1 is executed. The expression is evaluated again, and if it is not equal to zero (i.e. true), then statement1 is executed. The process is repeated until the expression becomes false. Then statement1 is skipped, and control goes to the next statement after statement1.
If you put a semicolon at the end of the while (condition) line, this is equivalent to telling the program to do nothing while the result of the condition evaluation is non-zero). Basically the program will sit looping at that line until the condition evaluates to zero!!!

11. Distance Dropped Program Development
Define the problem
Calculate and print the distance traveled each second by an object dropped from a height in a standard gravitational field beginning at t = 0 sec over the next 10 seconds
Simplify
Assume v0 and d0 are both zero
Inputs – are there any?
Outputs
time
distance
No inputs are required from the user under the specifications of the problem.

12. Solution Algorithm Pseudocode Start Declare variables: ____
Flowchart
Declare variables
t <= 10?
print t, d
Start
Initialize variables
t = t +1 T F
Stop
Pseudocode
Start
Declare variables: ____
d (distance traveled)
t (time)
(Are these good names?)
Initialize variables
While time is less than or equal to 10 s
calculate d
print time
print distance
increment time
Stop
while loop
Go over the pseudocode and show the equivalence of the flowchart.
distance would be a better name than d for the distance travelled, and time would be a better name than t for the time

13. Solution Code free_fall_d_vs_time.c
Implements the program for the freely falling mass
Show code in a separate file, like in PDF format, so you can zoom.
How might this program be improved?
Prompt user for end time
Prompt user for time increment
Declare and initialize in one line

14. Practice - Procedure Procedure Write code from flowchart or pseudocode
Divide into groups of 4
Introduce yourselves
Together (all four in the group)
Define the problem
Determine inputs and outputs
Split into pairs (sub-groups)
One pair – pseudocode the algorithm
Other pair – flowchart the algorithm
Swap one from each pair and share pseudocode and flowchart
Write code from flowchart or pseudocode

15. Practice - Problem
Write a program that calculates the average exam score for a class
Specifications
Prompts user for the number of scores to average
Prompts user for each score
Echoes each score entered
Calculates the average score
Prints out the average score

16. Practice - Solution

17. do/while Loop Structure
General form of a do/while loop: do
statement1; /* execute this statement */
while (condition); /* while condition is TRUE */
When condition becomes false, looping stops, and the next statement after the while is executed
Note: statement1 will be executed at least once
Remember: to DO more than one statement in the loop, enclose the statements in curly braces { }
called a compound statement
As the flow of control enters the while loop, statement1 is executed. The loop continues if condition is not equal to zero (i.e. true).
Note that statement1 is executed at least once, even if condition is false.

18. do/while Structure – Flow Chart
statement is executed at least once
statement
TRUE
FALSE
condition

19. for Loop Structure General form of a for loop:
for(expression1; expression2; expression3)
statement1; /* execute this statement */
expression1 initializes the variable controlling the loop
i = 0;
expression2 is the condition for continuing the loop
i <= 10;
expression3 increments the control variable
i++ /* same as i=i+1 */
Note that there is NO semicolon after expression3! or after the closing parenthesis
To execute more than one statement in the for loop, enclose them in curly braces { }
The for loop gathers together in one line the elements needed to control the loop. This is helpful when the expression1 and expression3 are simple assignment and expression3 is a relatively straightforward relational expression. While and for loops are interchangeable and a matter of preference.

20. for Loop Structure – Flow Chart
expression1 T F
expression2
statement
expression3
Initializes the loop control variable:
ex. i = 0;
Tests the loop control variable to see if it is time to quit looping:
ex. i < 10;
Increments the loop control variable:
ex. i++

21. for Loop Example double_it.c
Prints out a table of integers from 0 to 10 in one column and twice their value in a second column
Show program from Ch in pdf

22. break and continue Statements
break immediately exits from a loop
Recall its use in the switch selection structure
continue skips remaining statements in the body of a repetition structure
int x;
for(x=1; x<=10; x++) {
if(x == 5)
break;
printf("%d ", x); }
printf("Broke out at x == %d\n",x);
Broke out at x == 5
int x, y;
for(x=1; x<=10; x++) {
if(x == 5)
y = x;
continue; }
printf("%d ", x);
printf("Skipped x == %d\n",y);
Skipped x == 5
In the for loop, the increment expression is executed, then the loop-continuation test is evaluated.
Adapted from Deitel & Deitel, C How to Program, 3rd ed., p. 119

23. Appendix – Recap of Selection Structures

24. Selection Structure Three kinds of selections structures
if (also called, ‘single-selection’)
if condition is true
Perform action
if condition is false, action is skipped
if/else (also called, ‘double-selection’)
else (if condition is false)
Perform a different action
switch (also called ‘multiple-selection’)
Allows selection among many actions depending on the value of a variable or expression

25. IF statement (single-selection)
Syntax
if(expression) /* if expression is TRUE (not equal to zero) */
statement1; /* then execute this statement */
statement2; /* otherwise execute this statement */
Notes
Indent statements
Can have multiple statements
Enclose a ‘block’ of statements using { } (curly braces)
if( x <= 2 ) {
statement1;
statement2; }
statement3;
Note: an expression is an entity that evaluates to a single number. An expression is TRUE if it is non-zero. Example if(7), is the expression true or not?
The block of statements is called a ‘compound’ statement.
Note how the curly brackets are aligned, and how the statements in the block are indented, so that it makes it obvious where the block begins, where it ends, and which statements make up the block.
Note comments. Two styles will work for most C compilers: /* */ the clean C version and // the C++ version

26. IF statement example Pseudocode (notice indentation!) C code
If speed is greater than 65 mph
print “You’re speeding!”
C code
if(speed > 65)
printf(“You’re speeding!\n”);
C code with statement block
/* statements below executed only if speed > 65 is true */ {
printf(“Slow down!\n”);
printf(“Keep speed below 65 MPH\n”);

27. Single Selection IF - Flowchart
connector
Print “You’re speeding!”
TRUE
FALSE
Speed > 65
flow line
action symbol
decision symbol

28. IF-ELSE statement - Double Selection
Syntax
if(expression) /* if expression is TRUE */
statement1; /* execute this statement */
else /* else execute the following statement */
statement2;
Notes:
If expression is non-zero, statement1 is executed, then the program continues with the statement after statement2, i.e., statement2 is skipped
If expression is equal to zero, statement1 is skipped and statement2 is executed, then the program continues with the statement after statement2

29. Double-Selection IF - Flowchart
FALSE
TRUE
Print “Within limit”
Speed > 65
Print “Over speed limit!”

30. IF-ELSE statement example
Pseudocode (notice indentation!)
If speed is greater than 65 mph
print “Over speed limit!”
else
print “Within speed limit”
C code
if(speed > 65)
printf(“Over speed limit!\n”);
printf(“Within limit\n”);

31. Relational Operators
Important for constructing the decision expression
Practice
5 < 7 result is ____
5 > 7 result is _____
7 <= 7 result is ____
8 >= 7 result is ____
5 == 5 result is ____
5 == 7 result is ____
5.0 == 5 result is ___
6 != 5 result is ____
Discuss these
Adapted from H. Cheng chap04.ppt, slide 5

32. Compound Condition - &&
Logical operators for more complex decisions
Logical AND operator && (double ampersand)
if(switch1 = = 0 && switch2 = = 1)
turn on the motor
The condition evaluates to TRUE if and only if BOTH expressions on either side of && evaluate to TRUE
Note operator precedence
Otherwise condition evaluates to FALSE
Beware of ‘short circuit evaluation’
Make the condition most likely to be FALSE the left-most condition
Note that evaluation of the condition continues until the truth or falsity of the condition is determined. Thus, if switch1 is not equal to zero, the compound condition is false, and the second relational test will not be done!

33. Compound Condition - | |
Logical operators for more complex decisions, cont.
Logical OR operator | | (double vertical bar)
if(switch1 = = 0 || switch2 = = 1)
turn on the motor
The condition evaluates to TRUE if one or the other or both expressions on either side of && evaluate to TRUE
Note operator precedence
Otherwise condition evaluates to FALSE
Beware of ‘short circuit evaluation’
Make the condition most likely to be TRUE the left-most condition
Note that evaluation of the condition continues until the truth or falsity of the condition is determined. Thus, if switch1 is not equal to zero, the compound condition is false, and the second relational test will not be done!
See p. 118 in D&D

34. Nesting selection structures
Selection structures can be stacked and nested to handle more sophisticated decision/action functionality
Ex. Figuring grades
Pseudocode 
Notes:
“an else is always associated with the nearest previous if” (Darnell & Margolis, 1996)
Use braces ({ })to clarify the association of the else for other situations where the decision structure is more complicated
Grade Determination for Overall Percentage (OP)
OP >= 90 ‘A’
80 <= OP < 90 ‘B’
70 <= OP < 80 ‘C’
60 <= OP < 70 ‘D’
OP < 60 ‘F’
Adapted from Deitel & Deitel, C How to Program, 3rd ed., p. 64

35. Nesting If/else – C Code – Two WaysOr
Adapted from Deitel & Deitel, C How to Program, 3rd ed., p. 64

36. SWITCH
Good when faced with testing multiple alternatives that depend on a single variable
The test is done once
Must be an integral expression
int or char
NOT float, double
case items must be constant integral expressions
No variables
The structure is very organized and readable

37. SWITCH - Flowchart
Adapted from Deitel & Deitel, C How to Program, 6th ed., p. 111

38. Review 38

39. References
Darnell, P. A. & Margolis, P. E. (1996) C, a software engineering approach, 3rd ed., Springer, New York.
Cheng, H. H. (2010). C for Engineers and Scientists: An Interpretive Approach, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Deitel, H. M. & Deitel, P. J. (2001). C How to Program, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. 39

40. Nesting selection structures
Selection structures can be stacked and nested to handle more sophisticated decision/action functionality
/* File: ifc.c */
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int i;
i = 10;
if(i==2 || i == 4)
printf("i = 2 or 4\n"); }
else if(i == 10)
printf("i = 10\n");
else
printf("i = %d\n", i);
return 0;
Adapted from H. Cheng chap05.ppt, slide 12

41. Operators
Adapted from H. Cheng chap04.ppt, slide 5