1. K Means Clustering , Nearest Cluster and Gaussian Mixture
Good morning, everyone. Today I will introduce three kinds of nonparametric Classifiers in sequence: they include K N G.
Presented by Kuei-Hsien

2. K Means Clustering
Clustering algorithms are used to find groups of “similar” data points among the input patterns.
K means clustering is an effective algorithm to extract a given number of clusters of patterns from a training set.
Once done, the cluster locations can be used to classify data into distinct classes.
The first algorism I introduce is K.

3. K Means Training Flow Chart
Initialize the number of cluster centers selected by the user by randomly selecting them from the training set.
Classify the entire training set. For each pattern Xi in the training set, find the nearest cluster center C* and classify Xi as a member of C*.
For each cluster, recompute its center by finding the mean of the cluster:
Where Mk is the new mean, Nk is the number of training patterns in cluster k, and Xjk is the k-th pattern belonging to cluster .
How to train the parameter of the K Means clustering? We could follow the training flow chart. First …sum whole data which in cluster k. then we use the new center re-classify the entire training set. And recompute its center again… loop until….
Loop until the change in cluster means is less the amount specified by the user.

4. Store the k cluster centers.
If the number of cluster centers is less then the number specified, split each cluster center into two clusters by finding the input dimension with the highest deviation:
Where Xij is the i-th dimension of the j-th pattern in cluster k, Mij is the i-th dimension of the cluster center, and Nk is the number of training patterns in cluster k.
Sigma I equal to sum of the square of difference between Xi and mean.
Store the k cluster centers.

5. Ask User how many clusters they’d like. (e.g. k=5).
Random select k cluster centers locations
Each datapoint finds out which Center it’s closest to. (Thus each Center “owns” a set of datapoints)
Each cluster fine the centroid of the points it owns.
According to the new center, we can re-classify the entire training set. For each data in the training set, find the new nearest cluster center and classify data as a member of new cluster.
…and jumps to there
…repeat step 3 to 5 until terminated

6. Stop Condition-Splitting & Merging
SD is large and SD change is less than a specified value
The means of clusters are too close
Merging
In this instance, we may find one of the clusters which have a greatest SD and maybe SD change is less than a specified value, we could consider to separate this cluster into two partition. Or we may find that two means of the clusters are too close, we could consider to merge them. The criteria of splitting is try to find the greatest sigma-i in the clusters. The criteria of merging is try to find the shortest distance between two cluster centers.
Loop until the change of SD in all clusters are less than a specified value by user, or when a specified number of epochs have been reached.

7. Stop Condition- training of parameter
Euclidean distance:
Loop until the change in all cluster means is less the amount specified by the user
K Means Test Flow Chart
Just like the linear distance between tow point.
We could use the distance to belong the data X to distinct cluster.
For each pattern X, associate X with the cluster Y closest to X using the Euclidean distance:

8. Commonly tunable parameters for K means
Number of initial clusters
Randomly chosen
Number of cluster centers
2~√N
Criteria for splitting and merging cluster centers
Number of epochs or percent of SD change
Stop conditions
The stop condition Binary splitting is less important than that for the overall clustering.
The number of cluster centers to begin with, randomly chosen from the training set.
This number of clusters to use is highly problem dependent. We often estimate that from 2 to radical the number of training set.
Typical stop conditions are a percent SD change threshold and maximum number of epochs of training.
The stop condition for each binary split is less important than the stop condition for the overall clustering. Therefore, if the training set is large, pick a faster binary-split stopping condition and use a slower stopping condition for the overall clustering.
K Means Clustering End

9. Nearest Cluster
The nearest-cluster architecture can be viewed as a condensed version of the K nearest neighbor architecture.
This architecture can often deliver performance close to that of KNN, while reducing computation time and memory requirements.

10. Nearest Cluster
The nearest-cluster architecture involves a partitioning of the training set into a few clusters.
For a given cluster, these values estimate the posterior probabilities of all possible classes for the region of the input space in the vicinity of the cluster.
During classification, an input is associated with the nearest cluster, and the posterior probability estimates for that cluster are used to classify the input.

11. Nearest Cluster Training Flow Chart
Perform K means clustering on the data set.
For each cluster, generate a probability for each class according to:
Where Pjk is the probability for class j within cluster k, Njk is the number of class-j patterns belonging to cluster k, and Nk is the total number of patterns belonging to cluster k.

12. Nearest Cluster Test Flow Chart
For each input pattern, X, find the nearest cluster Ck, using the Euclidean distance measure:
Where Y is a cluster center and m is the number of dimensions in the input patterns.
Use the probabilities Pjk for all classes j stored with Ck., and classify pattern X into the class j with the highest probability.

13. Nearest Cluster Class 1 Class 2 h In cluster 1: In cluster 2:
Pclass1=100%
Pclass2=0%
In cluster 2:
Pclass1=99.5%
Pclass2=0.5%
In cluster 3:
Pclass1=50%
Pclass2=50%
Class 2
In cluster 5:
Pclass1=65%
Pclass2=35%
In cluster 4:
Pclass1=15%
Pclass2=85%
Pclass1=65%
Nearest Cluster End

14. Gaussian Mixture
The Gaussian mixture architecture estimates probability density functions (PDF) for each class, and then performs classification based on Bayes’ rule:
Where P(X | Ci) is the PDF of class j, evaluated at X, P( Cj ) is the prior probability for class j, and P(X) is the overall PDF, evaluated at X.

15. Gaussian Mixture
Unlike the unimodal Gaussian architecture, which assumes P(X | Cj) to be in the form of a Gaussian, the Gaussian mixture model estimates P(X | Cj) as a weighted average of multiple Gaussians.
Where wk is the weight of the k-th Gaussian Gk and the weights sum to one. One such PDF model is produced for each class.

16. Gaussian Mixture Each Gaussian component is defined as:
Where Mk is the mean of the Gaussian and Vk is the covariance matrix of the Gaussian..

17. Gaussian Mixture
Free parameters of the Gaussian mixture model consist of the means and covariance matrices of the Gaussian components and the weights indicating the contribution of each Gaussian to the approximation of P(X | Cj).

18. Composition of Gaussian Mixture
Class 1
G1,w1
G2,w2
G3,w3
G4,w4
G5.w5
Variables: μi, Vi, wk
We use EM (estimate-maximize) algorithm to approximate this variables.

19. Gaussian Mixture
These parameters are tuned using a complex iterative procedure called the estimate-maximize (EM) algorithm, that aims at maximizing the likelihood of the training set generated by the estimated PDF.
The likelihood function L for each class j can be defined as:

20. Gaussian Mixture Training Flow Chart (1)
Initialize the initial Gaussian means μi, i=1,…G using the K means clustering algorithm
Initialize the covariance matrices, Vi, to the distance to the nearest cluster.
Initialize the weights πi =1 / G so that all Gaussian are equally likely.
Present each pattern X of the training set and model each of the classes K as a weighte sum of Gaussians:
Where G is the number of Gaussians, the πi’s are the weights, and
Where Vi is the covariance matrix.

21. Gaussian Mixture Training Flow Chart (2)
Compute:
Iteratively update the weights, means and covariances:
We compute the Tao-ip which define as probability of cluster-I given X, equal to the formula. The denominator is probability of X in the class, and the numerator is the PDF of cluster-I multiply by it’s weight. After we got the Tao-ip, use Tao to estimate new weights, means and covariance. And then, we use the new mean, weight, and covariance to estimate new Tao

22. Gaussian Mixture Training Flow Chart (3)
Recompute τip using the new weights, means and covariances. Stop training if
Or the number of epochs reach the specified value. Otherwise, continue the iterative updates.

23. Gaussian Mixture Test Flow Chart
Present each input pattern X and compute the confidence for each class j:
Where is the prior probability of class Cj estimated by counting the number of training patterns. Classify pattern X as the class with the highest confidence.
The PDF of each class multiply by the probability of class-j. P equal to number of data in class j
Gaussian Mixture End

24. Thanks for your attention !!