1. Adhesives

2. First Adhesives
The first adhesives were natural gums and other plant resins or saps. It was believed that the Sumerian people were the first to use it until it was discovered that Neanderthals as far back as 50,000 years made adhesives from birch bark

3. Animal Protein Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Blood, protein
Solid and partially dried
whole blood; dark red to
black bondline
Mixed with cold
water, lime,
caustic soda, and
other chemi-
cals; applied at room temperature;
pressed either at room tempera-
ture or 120 o
C (250
F)and higher
High dry strength; moderate
resistance to water and
damp atmosphere and to
microorganisms
Interior-type softwood
plywood, some times in
combination with soybean
adhesive; mostly replaced
by phenolic adhesive

4. Animal Protein
A natural animal hide glue made from pure animal protein which has been reconstituted into a cake form to make for a more easily dissolving form of hide glue than typical granules. Excellent adhesive strength for gluing difficult surfaces, and removable with heat or steam

5. Casein Protein
Natural adhesives have many of the same properties that chemical and synthetic adhesives have. Some natural adhesives are quite strong, whilst others are incredibly flexible. Some are waterproof, whilst others are soluble in water. Some are ideal for delicate jobs which require a level of invisibility of the adhesive, whilst others can be used in the construction of large or heavy items of furniture. 

6. Casein Protein Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Casein, protein
Powder with added
chemicals; white to tan
bondline
Mixed with water; applied and
pressed at room temperature
High dry strength; moderate
resistance to water, damp
atmospheres, and interme-
diate temperatures; not
suitable for exterior uses
Interior doors; discontinued
use in laminated timbers

7. Where's the glue in this picture

8. Many new adhesives are based on plastic compounds, they have advantages and disadvantages
Plastics can be classified in many ways, but most commonly by their polymer backbone (polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, and other acrylics, silicones, polyurethanes, etc.).
Other classifications include thermoplastic, thermoset, elastomer, engineering plastic, addition or condensation or polyaddition (depending on polymerization method used).

9. Polyvinyl Acetate emulsion
Type
Form and color
Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Cross-linkable
polyvinyl acetate
emulsion
Liquid, similar to polyvinyl
acetate emulsions but
includes copolymers
capable of cross-linking
with a separate catalyst;
white to tan with colorless
bondline
Liquid emulsion mixed with
catalyst; cure at room tempera-
ture or at elevated temperature in
hot press and radio-frequency
press
High dry strength; improved
resistance to moisture and
elevated temperatures,
particularly long-term
performance in moist
environment
Interior and exterior doors;
moulding and architectural
woodwork; cellulosic
overlays

10. polyvinyl acetate emulsion
As an emulsion in water, PVA is sold as an adhesive for porous materials, particularly wood, paper, and cloth. It is the most commonly used wood glue, both as "white glue" and the yellow "carpenter's glue." PVA is widely used in bookbinding and book arts due to its flexibility, and because it is non-acidic, unlike many other polymers

11. PVA glue

12. Elastomeric contact Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Elastomeric
contact
Viscous liquid, typically
neoprene or styrene-
butadine elastomers in
organic solvent or water
emulsion; tan to yellow
Liquid applied directly to both
surfaces, partially dried after
spreading and before pressing;
roller-pressing at room tempera-
ture produces instant bonding
Strength develops immedi-
ately upon pressing, in-
creases slowly over a period
of weeks; dry strengths
much lower than those of
conventional wood adhe-
sives; low resistance to
water and damp atmos-
pheres; adhesive film readily
yields under static load
On-the-job bonding of
decorative tops to kitchen
counters; factory lamination
of wood, paper, metal, and
plastic sheet materials

13. Elastomer contact
This solvent-based contact cement bonds instantly, eliminating clamping. It is strong-bonding, fast drying, oil and waterproof.
Recommended for bonding plastic laminates to wood, hardboard, leather, rubber, plywood, laminates, particleboard, canvas and metal.
Can also bond wood, aluminum, steel, fabric, copper, rubber, leather and canvas.

14. Elastomer contact

15. Elastomeric mastic Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Elastomeric
mastic
(construction
adhesive
Putty like consistency,
synthetic or natural
elastomers in organic
solvent or latex emul-
sions; tan, yellow, gray
Mastic extruded in bead to fram-
ing members by caulking gun or
like pressure equipment; nailing
required to hold materials in place
during setting and service
Strength develops slowly
over several weeks; dry
strength lower than conven-
tional wood adhesives;
resistant to water and moist
atmospheres; tolerant of out
door assembly conditions;
gap-filling; nailing required to
ensure structural integrity
Lumber to plywood in floor
and wall systems; laminat-
ing gypsum board and rigid
foam insulating; assembly
of panel system in manu-
factured homes

16. Mastic
Forms a surface skin, preventing transfer by touch and dirt pick-up on exposed surfaces.
Paintable (after skin has formed).
Easy clean-up off non-porous surfaces with mineral turpentine.
Convenient to use non-slumping from vertical joints and easily extrudable.
Long "open" time assists in the assembly of lap joints.
Where can this product be used?
Metal
Glass
Concrete
Masonry
Timber

17. Emulsion poly- mer/isocyanate
Type
Form and color
Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Emulsion poly-
mer/isocyanate
Liquid emulsion and
separate isocyanate
hardener; white with
hardener; colorless
bondline
Emulsion and hardener mixed by
user; reactive on mixing with
controllable pot-life and curing
time; cured at room and elevated
temperatures; radio-frequency
curable; high pressure required
High dry and wet strength;
very resistant to water and
damp atmosphere; very
resistant to prolonged and
repeated wetting and drying;
adheres to metals and
plastics
Laminated beams for
interior and exterior use;
lamination of plywood to
steel metals and plastics;
doors and architectural
materials

18. Epoxy Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Epoxy
Liquid resin and hardener
supplied as two parts;
completely reactive
leaving no free solvent;
clear to amber; colorless
bondline
Resin and hardener mixed by
user; reactive with limited pot-life;
cured at room or elevated tem-
peratures; only low pressure
required for bond development
High dry and wet strength to
wood, metal, glass, and
plastic; formulations for
wood resist water and damp
atmospheres; delaminate
with repeated wetting and
drying; gap-filling
Laminating veneer and
lumber in cold-molded
wood boat hulls; assembly
of wood components in
aircraft; lamination of
architectural railings and
posts; repair of laminated
wood beams and architec-
tural building components;
laminating sports equip-
ment; general purpose
home and shop

19. EPOXY

20. Epoxy Bonds a variety of surfaces
Dries Crystal Clear so there's no visible evidence of repair
Quick setting in 5 minutes
No clamping necessary
High water resistance
Forms a rigid, durable bond
Can be used for gap filling (Surfaces need not mate closely)
Good chemical resistance
Heat Resistant
Doesn't yellow over time so is ideal for use on glassware
 Where can this product be used?
Fixing a broken glass vase
Repairing jewellery
Toy repairs
Fixing ornaments or crockery
Fixing your handbag strap
Not suitable for bonding plastics such as Polypropylene and Polyethylene or for use on polystyrene

21. Hot melt Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Hot melt
Solid blocks, pellets,
ribbons, rods, or films;
solvent-free; white to tan;
near colorless bondline
Solid form melted for spreading;
bond formed on solidification;
requires special application
equipment for controlling melt and
flow
Develops strength quickly on
cooling; lower strength than
conventional wood adhe-
sives; moderate resistance
to moisture; gap-filling with
minimal penetration
Edge-banding of panels;
plastic lamination; patching;
film and paper overlays;
furniture assembly; general
purpose home and shop

22. Hot glue gun

23. Melamine Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Melamine and
melamine-urea
Powder with blended
catalyst; may be blended
up to 40% with urea; white
to tan; colorless bondline
Mixed with water; cured in hot
press at 120°C to 150°C (250°F to
300°F); particularly suited for fast
curing in high-frequency presses
High dry and wet strength;
very resistant to water and
damp atmospheres
Melamine-urea primary
adhesive for durable bonds
in hardwood plywood; end-
jointing and edge-gluing of
lumber; and scarf joining
softwood plywood

24. Resorcinol Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Resorcinol and
phenol-
resorcinol
Liquid resin and powdered
hardener supplied as two
parts; phenol may be
copolymerized with
resorcinol; dark red
bondline
Liquid mixed with powdered or
liquid hardener; resorcinol adhe-
sives cure at room temperatures;
phenol-resorcinols cure at tem-
peratures from 21°C to 66°C
(70°F to 150°F
High dry and wet strength;
very resistant to moisture
and damp atmospheres;
more resistant than wood to
high temperature and
chemical aging
Primary adhesives for
laminated timbers and
assembly joints that must
withstand severe service
conditions

25. Resorcinol
Adhesives formulated from resorcinol-formaldehyde resins or phenol-modified resorcinol-formaldehyde resins are the criteria for wood bonding applications demanding room temperature cure, structural integrity, and waterproof characteristics.

26. Phenolic Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Phenolic
Liquid, powder, and dry
film; dark red bondline
Liquid blended with extenders and
fillers by user; film inserted
directly between laminates;
powder applied directly to flakes
in composites; all formulations
cured in hot press at 120°C to
150°C (250°F to 300°F) up to
200°C (392°F) in flakeboards
High dry and wet strength;
very resistant to water and
damp atmospheres; more
resistant than wood to high
temperatures and chemical
aging
Primary adhesive for
exterior softwood plywood,
flakeboard, and hardboard

27. Phenolics Phenolics (PF) or (phenol formaldehydes)
high modulus, relatively heat resistant, and excellent fire resistant polymer. Used for insulating parts in electrical fixtures, paper laminated products (e.g. "Formica"), thermally insulation foams. It is a thermosetting plastic, with the familiar trade name Bakelite, that can be moulded by heat and pressure when mixed with a filler-like wood flour or can be cast in its unfilled liquid form or cast as foam, e.g. "Oasis". Problems include the probability of mouldings naturally being dark colours (red, green, brown), and as thermoset difficult to recycle

28. Polyurethane Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Polyurethane
Low viscosity liquid to
high viscosity mastic;
supplied as one part; two-
part systems completely
reactive; color varies
from clear to brown;
colorless bondline
Adhesive applied directly to one
surface, preferably to water-
misted surface; reactive with
moisture on surface and in air;
cures at room temperature; high
pressure required, but mastic
required only pressure from
nailing
High dry and wet strength;
resistant to water and damp
atmosphere; limited resis-
tance to prolonged and
repeated wetting and drying;
gap-filling
General purpose home and
shop; construction adhesive
for panelized floor and wall
systems; laminating
plywood to metal and
plastic sheet materials;
specialty laminates; instal-
lation of gypsum board

29. Polyureathane
Polyurethane is used as an adhesive, especially as a woodworking glue. Its main advantage over more traditional wood glues is its water resistance. It was introduced in the general North American market in the 1990s as Gorilla Glue and Excel, but has been used much longer in Europe.
On the way to a new and better glue for bookbinders, a new adhesive system was introduced for the first time in The base for this system is polyether or polyester, whereas polyurethane (PUR) is used as prepolymer. Its special feature is the coagulation at room temperature and the reacting to moisture.

30. Polyurethane

31. Urea Type Form and color Preparation and application
Strength properties
Typical uses
Urea
Powder and liquid forms;
may be blended with
melamine or other more
durable resins; white to
tan resin with colorless
bondline
Powder mixed with water, hard-
ener, filler, and extender by user;
some formulations cure at room
temperatures, others require hot
pressing at 120°C (250°F);
curable with high-frequency
heating
High dry and wet strength;
moderately durable under
damp atmospheres; moder-
ate to low resistance to
temperatures in excess of
50°C (122°F
Hardwood plywood; furni-
ture; fiberboard; particle-
board; underlayment; flush
doors; furniture cores

32. Urea
It was the first organic compound to be artificially synthesized from inorganic starting materials, in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler, who prepared it by the reaction of potassium cyanate with ammonium sulfate.
It is found in mammalian and amphibian urine as well as in some fish. Birds and reptiles excrete uric acid, comprising a different form of nitrogen metabolism that requires less water.

33. Urea