1. Aggression and Violence in Sport

2. Violence in sports parallels the reality of violence in a society as a whole –We see examples of societal violence every time we watch the evening news –Sport news isn’t much better

3. Examples of Violence in Sport Hockey –HitsHits –FightingFighting –2000: Marty McSorley knocks out Donald Brashear by slashing him in the head with his stick2000: Marty McSorley knocks out Donald Brashear by slashing him in the head with his stick –Todd Bertuzzi’s hit on Steve Moore.Todd Bertuzzi’s hit on Steve Moore. Basketball –1995: Verno Maxwell hits an abusive fan in the stands Baseball –Roger Clements throws the jagged piece of a broken bat at Mike Piazza Football Examples can be found in almost every sport Can you think of any other examples?

4. Definitions Violence = extreme aggression There are three distinct components of aggressive behaviour: 1.Hostile Aggression 2.Instrumental Aggression 3.Assertive Behaviour

5. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression

6. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm

7. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm

8. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm The goal is to cause suffering The intent is to cause harm

9. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm The goal is to cause suffering The intent is to cause harm The goal is to achieve some external award

10. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm The goal is to cause suffering The intent is to cause harm The goal is to achieve some external award Anger is usually involved

11. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm The goal is to cause suffering The intent is to cause harm The goal is to achieve some external award Anger is usually involved No anger is involved

12. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm The goal is to cause suffering The intent is to cause harm The goal is to achieve some external award Anger is usually involved No anger is involved Performed outside the rules of the game

13. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm The goal is to cause suffering The intent is to cause harm The goal is to achieve some external award Anger is usually involved No anger is involved Performed outside the rules of the game Performed within the rules of the game

14. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm The goal is to cause suffering The intent is to cause harm The goal is to achieve some external award Anger is usually involved No anger is involved Performed outside the rules of the game Performed within the rules of the game e.g. fist-fighting in hockey

15. Hostile AggressionInstrumental Aggression The intent is to cause harm The goal is to cause suffering The intent is to cause harm The goal is to achieve some external award Anger is usually involved No anger is involved Performed outside the rules of the game Performed within the rules of the game e.g. fist-fighting in hockeye.g. aggressive checking meant to hurt the opponent

16. Assertive Behaviour Often confused with aggression Increased effort and energy expenditure No intent to harm No anger involved May result in harm, but any resultant harm is incidental to the game E.g. Assertive checking meant to slow down the opponent

17. What Causes Aggressive Behavior in Sport? The following causes most likely interact to cause aggressive behaviour

18. Physical Contact Sports with a lot of physical contact result in more aggression –If player believes that the opponent is trying to hurt him/her there is an increased likelihood that aggression will occur Recommendations: 1.Encouraging athletes to increase effort vs. aggressive acts 2.Victory (vs. harm) = the ultimate way to get back at an opponent 3.Others?

19. Other Forms of Violence Spectator violence -Soccer, tailgating Violence against referees Violence against athletes –Monica Seles stabbed by fan of Steffi Graf –Tie DomiTie Domi –Andres Escobar own goal vs USA, ‘94