1. NATS 101-05 Lecture 11 Newton’s Laws of Motion Upper-Air Winds

2. Supplemental References for Today’s Lecture Gedzelman, S. D., 1980: The Science and Wonders of the Atmosphere. 535 pp. John-Wiley & Sons. (ISBN 0-471-02972-6)

3. PGF Wind

4. Do Rocks Always Roll Downhill? Gedzelman, p 247 Upper-Level Winds PGF

5. Newton’s Laws of Motion Newton’s 1st Law An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain at a constant velocity (same speed and same direction) if the net force exerted on it is zero An external force is required to speed up, slow down, or change the direction of air

6. Newton’s Laws of Motion Newton’s 2nd Law The net force exerted on an object equals its mass times its acceleration Sum of All Forces = Mass  Acceleration Acceleration = Velocity Change / Time Acceleration = Change in Speed and/or Direction

7. Velocity, Acceleration and Force are Vectors Size and Direction Original Velocity New Velocity Original Velocity New Velocity Acceleration and Force Original Velocity New Velocity Original Velocity New Velocity Acceleration and Force

8. Uniform, Circular Motion Requires Acceleration Original Velocity New Velocity Acceleration directed toward center of circle Centripetal Original Velocity New Velocity Circular Path

9. Accelerated Frame of Reference You are glued to car’s floor and drop an egg. What happens if the car begins to accelerate? Inside the car, it looks a mystery force is attracting the egg to the back of the car. Your frame of reference is accelerating. Someone outside the car sees that the egg is just accelerating to the floor, you are accelerating with the box car. A force is accelerating the car. Their frame of reference is not accelerating. Splat! (rest ) time

10. Life on a Rotating Platform From perspective of person not on merry-go- round, path of ball is straight. From perspective of person on merry-go- round, path of ball deflects to left. There is an apparent force. (left click picture for animation) World Weather Project 2010 Courtesy of M. Ramamurthy U of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Merry Go Round Link

11. Earth’s Rotation If viewed from space, earth is like a carousel! Northern Hemisphere rotates counterclockwise Southern Hemisphere rotates clockwise Gedzelman, p 240

12. Ball Appears to Deflect to the Right of the Observer Gedzelman, p 242 Deflection increases if: Rotation rate increases Speed of ball increases

13. Ball Appears to Go Straight Gedzelman, p 242

14. Deflection Depends on Orientation of Axis of Rotation and Velocity Gedzelman, p 242 velocity Apparent Deflection No Deflection

15. Coriolis Force Varies with Latitude Gedzelman, p 243

16. Geostrophic Adjustment A.Parcel at rest initially accelerates toward lower pressure. B.Coriolis Force rotates parcel to right in NH. C.As parcel speeds up, Coriolis Force increases. D.Eventually (about a day), PGF equals CF and flow is parallel to isobars. World Weather Project 2010 Courtesy of M. Ramamurthy U of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Animate Picture

17. Geostrophic Balance Pressure Gradient Force Coriolis Force Geostrophic Wind 5640 m 5700 m Geostrophic Wind Arises from a Balance Between the PGF and the Coriolis Force. PGF + Coriolis Force = 0 Technically, can exist only for East-West flow and for straight contours.

18. Geostrophic Balance Pressure Gradient Force Coriolis Force Geostrophic Wind 5640 m 5700 m The Balance Leads to the Wind Blowing Parallel to the Height Contours, with Lower Heights to the Left of the Wind Direction in the NH. Closer the Spacing Between the Height Contours- The Faster the Geostrophic Wind Speed.

19. PGFCor Geo

20. Do Rocks Always Roll Downhill? Gedzelman, p 247 Upper-Level Winds PGF Not if the Hill is Tall Enough!

21. Key Concepts for Today Rotation of Earth Accelerated Frame of Reference Introduce Coriolis “Force” Apparent Force to Account for Deflection Depends on Rotation, Latitude, Wind Speed Geostrophic Balance and Wind Balance Between PGF and Coriolis Force Geostrophic Wind Blows Parallel to Contours About One Day Required to Reach Balance

22. Assignment for Next Lecture Topic – Centripetal force due to curved flow Frictional force near the ground Reading - Ahrens pg 155-158 Problems - 6.23, 24

23. Review SLP MapsSLP Maps Contour MapsContour Maps

24. Ahrens, Fig. 6.7 PGF

25. Isobaric Maps Ahrens, Fig. 2, p141 504 mb 496 mb PGF Downhill (Constant height)

28. Accelerated Frame of Reference You are inside a stationary car on a frictionless floor. What happens if the car begins to accelerate? Inside the car, it appears that a mysterious force is attracting you to the back wall of the box car. Your frame of reference, the close box car, is accelerating. Someone outside the car sees the car is accelerating. A force is accelerating the box car, but you are not accelerating. Their frame of reference is not accelerating. Oh No! (rest) time

29. Williams, p 34

30. Coriolis Effect- An Apparent Force Cannonball follows a straight path to an observer in space Earth rotates counter- clockwise underneath cannonball Cannonball appears to deflect to the right to an observer on earth Gedzelman, p 241

31. Geostrophic Adjustment Gedzelman, p 247 Hours