1. BASIC AERODYNAMICS PART I
Federal Aviation
Administration
PRESENTED BY: Dennis H. Whitley
FAASTeam Lead Representative
NORTH FLORIDA REGION

2. MY MOTTO
SHOW ME A PILOT THAT CAN’T ANSWER A CORRELATIVE QUESTION AND/OR CAN’T PERFORM A GIVEN TASK, & I’LL SHOW YOU A PILOT THAT DOESN’T UNDERSTAND WHAT HE/SHE IS TRYING TO ACCOMPLISH.

3. FLIGHT INSTRUCTING MUST NOT BE THE BY-PRODUCT OF BUILDING FLIGHT HOURS.

4. BUILDING FLIGHT HOURS MUST BE THE BY-PRODUCT OF FLIGHT INSTRUCTING.

5. SAFETY
COMMITMENT VS
DEDICATION

6. THIS DISCUSSION IS BASED ON SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT AND WILL BE
“VERY BASIC”
“NO FORMULAS”
“VERY LITTLE MATH”

7. 4 FORCES LIFT/WEIGHT/THRUST/DRAG
WE WILL TALK ABOUT
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
4 FORCES LIFT/WEIGHT/THRUST/DRAG
GROUND EFFECT
TURNING TENDENCIES
TRIM DEVICES
AERODYNAMICS OF SPINS
SLIPS/SKIDS
ADVERSE YAW

8. WHAT IS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE?

9. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS THE WEIGHT OF ALL THE AIR UPON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.

10. HOW WAS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MEASURED?
WHAT DOES 30 hg MEANS?
HOW WAS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MEASURED?

11. 36
YARD STICK
36 INCHES TALL

12. 36
YARD STICK

13. 36
YARD STICK

15. HOW WAS THE DROP OF PRESSURE WITH ALTITUDE VERIFIED?

17. HOW WAS THE WEIGHT OF THE AIR DETERMINED?

20. A PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL GAUGE
WHAT
IS AN ALTIMETER?
A PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL GAUGE

21. HG 5 40 10 35 30 25 20 15 HG 5 40 10 35 30 25 20 15
FROM
SOURCE
FROM
SOURCE HG 5 40 10 35 30 25 20 15

22. Kollsman
Window
Static
Port

23. static port pressure 31.00 hg. sea level pressure 31.00 hg.

24. static port pressure 23.00 hg. sea level pressure 31.00 hg.

25. SEA LEVEL PRESSURE CORRECTED FOR NONSTANDARD TEMPERATURE.
WHAT IS
ALTIMETER SETTING?
SEA LEVEL PRESSURE CORRECTED FOR NONSTANDARD TEMPERATURE. 25

26. WHAT IS THE MAIN REASON THAT AN AIRPLANE IS ABLE TO FLY?
BECAUSE OF THE WEIGHT OF THE AIR.
In other words the aerodynamic effect air has on the aircraft.

27. DEFINITION OF AERODYNAMICS
The branch of science that deals with the forces produced by air flowing over specially shaped surfaces called airfoils.

28. IS THERE ANY THING WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE? TWO THINGS
THE FLOWING OF THE RELATIVE WIND
THE DIRECTION OF THE RELATIVE WIND

29. CAN WE FLY WITH A FLAT WING?

30. 3RD LAW: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
1ST LAW: Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.
3RD LAW: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
AT CRUISE COSTANT ALTITUDE

32. MINIMUM MANEUVERING SPEED
SLOW FLIGHT

33. STALL
PA-28 SERIES

34. WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF FOIL? TO PREVENT FROM BEING SUCCESSFUL
TO THWART

35. AIRFOIL AN AIRFOIL IS AN AIR DEFLECTOR
Any surface designed to deflect the airflow passing over it or striking it, and thereby obtaining an useful reaction
AN AIRFOIL IS AN
AIR DEFLECTOR

36. HOW MANY AIRFOILS ARE THERE?

37. HORIZONTAL STABILIZER.
AIRPLANE WING.
AILERONS.
SLATS
LANDING FLAPS.
VERTICAL STABILIZER.
RUDDER.
HORIZONTAL STABILIZER.
ELEVATOR/STABILATOR
TRIM TABS.
PROPELLER.
ROTOR BLADE.
FUSELAGE.
FEARING.
STRUTS.

38. WHAT IS LIFT?

39. A FORCE CREATED BY A DEFLECTION OF AIR
AND PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL AROUND AN AIRFOIL.
IS CALLED LIFT WHEN IT ACTS UPWARD.
WHEN IT ACTS DOWNWARD IS CALLED NEGATIVE LIFT.
WHEN IT ACTS SIDEWAYS IS CALLED SIDE LIFT.
WHEN IT ACTS FORWARD IS CALLED THRUST

40. HOW IS LIFT CREATED? AIR PASSING BY AN AIRFOIL
DEFLECTION -- ISSAC NEWTON
AIR’S CHANGE OF DIRECTION--BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
PRESSURE DIFERENTIAL-- BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE

42. WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE

45. CAN WE FLY WITHOUT THE HELP OF BERNOULLIS?

48. THRUST
Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's second and third laws. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction the accelerated mass will cause a proportional but opposite force on that system.

49. Thrust is LIFT DIRECTED FORWARD.
LIFT is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's second and third laws. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction the accelerated mass will cause a proportional but opposite force on that system.
Thrust is LIFT DIRECTED FORWARD.

50. THE PROPELLER’S DEFLECTION OF AIR

53. DRAG

54. PARASITE DRAG
FORM
INTERFERENCE

55. INDUCED DRAG GROUND EFFECT
COMMANDER TYSON

56. STAGNATION AREA UPWASH RELATIVE WIND DOWNWASH
ASSUMED
LIFT
ASSUMED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK
DOWNWASH
ASSUMED RELATIVE WIND
IS THAT RIGHT?

57. STAGNATION AREA
UPWASH
RELATIVE CURRENT
DOWNWASH

58. ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK
INDUCED
LIFT
INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

59. DOWNWASH
ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK
INDUCED
LIFT
INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

60. DOWNWASH
ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK
WING TIP
VORTICES
INDUCED
LIFT
TOTAL ENDUCED DRAG
INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

61. WING THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW
UPWASH MODIFIES
RELATIVE WIND
DOWNWASH PULLS
BACK ON LIFT VECTOR
WING TIP VORTICES PULLS LIFT VECTOR FURTHER BACK

62. DOWNWASH
ASSUMED
LIFT
WING TIP
VORTICES
TOTAL ENDUCED DRAG
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK
INDUCED
LIFT
INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

63. DOWNWASH
ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK
INDUCED
LIFT
INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

64. ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK
LIFT
INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

65. WASHOUT

66. WHAT DOES THE
STABILATOR DO?

67. WHAT DOES THE
ANTI-SERVO TAB DO?

68. STABILIZED UNACCELERATED CLIMB

69. IF DESCENDING
IN A 60 ° BANK
HOW MANY G ’S?

70. DYHEADRAL

73. ADVERSE YAW

74. OVERBANKING TENDENCIES

75. MANEUVERING SPEED VA

76. LOAD FACTOR