1. LRFD-Steel Design
Dr. Ali Tayeh
Second Semester

2. Steel Design Dr. Ali I. Tayeh
Chapter 5-A

3. Beams
Beams: Structural members that support transverse loads and are therefore subjected primarily to flexure, or bending.
structural member is considered to be a beam if it is loaded so as to cause bending
Commonly used cross-sectional shapes include the W-, S-, and M-shapes. Channel shapes are sometimes used.
Doubly symmetric shapes such as the standard rolled W-, M-, and S-shapes are the most efficient.
AISC Specification distinguishes beams from plate girders on the basis of the width- thickness ratio of the web. 3

4. Beams
Both a hot-rolled shape and a built up shape along with the dimensions to be used for the width-thickness ratios. If
then the member is to be treated as a beam, regardless of whether it is a rolled shape or is built-up. 4

5. Beams If then the member is considered to be a plate girder.
For beams, the basic relationship between load effects and strength is

6. Beams
In order to design a beam in accordance with the AISC code for steel design, 6 limit states must be considered.
These are yielding, Lateral-Torsional Buckling, Web Local Buckling, Flange Local Buckling, Shear Capacity, and Serviceability. Only when a beam satisfies these limit states can it be considered safe for public use.
1- Yielding is the most common limit state and the first to address. It refers to the strength of the beam to resist the largest possible moment that can be applied to the beam. Basically, it limits the beam from bending. Yielding depends on the load, the supports, the span of the beam, and the strength of the steel.

7. Beams
2- Lateral-Torsional Buckling, the second limit state refers to the beam's ability to hold up against torsion, or twisting in the lateral direction. This limit state compares the lateral bracing to a maximum allowable bracing length. With adequate bracing, the beam will not twist into failure.
3- The third limit state, Web Local Buckling refers to the strength of the web of a member in a beam to resist failure. Basically, the width and thickness of the web must be large enough to withstand the loading conditions. This means the width-thickness ratio must fall between certain limits so the web
does not collapse or fail.
4- The fourth limit state, Flange Local Buckling, is just like Web Local buckling, except the limits are for the flanges of a member in a beam.
It refers to the strength of the flange of a member to resist failure. The width and thickness of the flange must be large enough to withstand the loading
conditions. This means the width-thickness ratio must fall between certain limits so the flange does not collapse or fail.

8. Beams
5- Shear Capacity, the fifth limit state, usually is not the controlling limit state, except for beams with very small lateral spans. The shear in the web of a beam must be limited so it does not exceed the maximum allowable shear.
6- Serviceability, the final limit state, refers to the beam's deflection. The beam must be serviceable and not deflect so much that vibrations can be a problem and should not deflect to a noticeable angle that people can detect and feel uncomfortable with.

9. Beams BENDING STRESS AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT:
Consider the beam which is oriented so that bending is about the major principal axis
The stress at any point can be found from the flexure formula:
where M is the bending moment at the cross section under consideration, y is the perpendicular distance
For maximum stress, Equation takes the form:
Where c is the perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber, and Sx is the elastic section modulus of the cross section.

10. BENDING STRESS AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT:

11. Beams BENDING STRESS AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT:
Equations are valid as long as the loads are small enough that the material remains within its linear elastic range. For structural steel, this means that the stress fmax must not exceed Fy and that the bending moment must not exceed
where My is the bending moment that brings the beam to the point of yielding.

12. Beams
BENDING STRESS AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT:
The plastic moment capacity, which is the moment required to form the plastic hinge, can easily be computed from a consideration of the corresponding stress distribution,
From equilibrium of forces:

13. Beams
BENDING STRESS AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT:
The plastic moment, Mp is the resisting couple formed by the two equal and opposite forces, or

14. Beams
BENDING STRESS AND THE PLASTIC MOMENT:
Example 5.1:
For the built-up shape, determine (a) the elastic section modulus S and the yield moment My and (b) the plastic section modulus Z and the plastic moment Mp-Bending is about the x-axis, and the steel is A572 Grade 50.

15. Beams
Solution
Because of symmetry, the elastic neutral axis (the x-axis) is located at mid-depth of the cross section (the location of the centroid ). The moment of inertia of the cross section can be found by using the parallel axis theorem, and the results of the calculations are summarized in the next table.

16. Beams
Example 5.1:
Answer (A)

17. Beams
Because this shape is symmetrical about the x-axis, this axis divides the cross section into equal areas and is therefore the plastic neutral axis. The centroid of the top half-area can be found by the principle of moments. Taking moments about the x-axis (the neutral axis of the entire cross section) and tabulating the computations in the next Table, we get

18. Beams

19. Beams
answer

20. Beams
Example 5.2 :
Solution

21. Beams
Example 5.2 :

22. Beams
STABILITY:
If a beam can be counted on to remain stable up to the fully plastic condition, the nominal moment strength can be taken as the plastic moment capacity ; that is Mn=Mp
When a beam bend.., the compression region (above the neutral axis) is analogous to a column, and in a manner similar to a column, it will buckle if the member is slender enough. Unlike a column however, the compression portion of the cross section is restrained by the tension portion, and the outward deflection (flexural buckling) is accompanied by twisting (torsion).
This form of instability is called lateral-torsional buckling (LTB). Lateral torsional buckling can be prevented by bracing the beam against twisting at sufficiently dose intervals

23. Beams
STABILITY:
This can be accomplished with either of two types of stability bracing:
Lateral bracing: which prevents lateral translation. should be app1ied as close to the compression f1ange as possible.
Torsional bracing :prevents twist directly.
The moment strength depends in part on the unbraced length, which is the distance between points of bracing.

25. Beams
CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES:

26. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:

27. Beams We begin with compact shapes
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:
We begin with compact shapes
If the beam is compact and has continuous lateral support, or if the unbraced length is very short , the nominal moment strength, Mn is the full plastic moment capacity of the shape, Mp.
The first category, laterally supported compact beams, the nominal strength as

28. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:

29. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:
Example 5.3:

30. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:

31. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:

32. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:

33. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:
Example 5.4

34. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:
Example 5.4 Cont.

35. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:

36. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:

37. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:
Example 5.5:

38. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:
Example 5.5 cont:

39. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:
Example 5.5 cont:

40. Beams
BENDING STRENGTH OF COMPACT SHAPES:
Example 5.5 cont:

41. END
ANY QUESTION?