1. NSLS-II Photon Sources & Beamline Systems
Qun Shen
Director, Experimental Facilities Division (XFD)
NSLS-II Beamline Development Information Meeting
April 14, 2010

2. Outline NSLS-II Photon Sources Beamline Systems
Baseline & planned photon sources
Spectral brightness & flux
Optimization of insertion devices
Beamline Systems
Overview of beamline systems
Beamline optics and expected performance characteristics
Guideline to design and construction schedule
Technical assistance by light sources staff

3. Design Parameters of NSLS-II Storage Ring
NSLS-II Design Parameters
Ring energy (GeV) 3
Ring current (mA)
500
Ring circumference (m)
792
Number of DBA cells 30
Number of 9.3 m straights 15
Number of 6.6 m straights
bh in 9.3 m straights (m)
20.1
bv in 9.3 m straights (m)
3.4
bh in 6.6 m straights (m)
1.8
bv in 6.6 m straights (m)
1.1
Vertical emittance (nm-rad)
0.008
Horizontal emittance (nm-rad)
0.55
RMS energy spread (%)
0.1
RMS pulse length (ps)
15-30
Time between bunches (ns) 2
Revolution period (ms)
2.64
Number of bunches
1056
Average bunch current (mA)
0.47
Average bunch charge (nC)
1.25
Overview of one super period of NSLS-II storage ring

4. Typical Sector Layout at NSLS-II
Low-b ID
3PW / BM
High-b ID

5. Electron Source Size sh,v and Divergence s’h,v
Type of source
Low-b Straight Section (6.6m)
High-b Straight Section (9.3m)
0.4T Bend Magnet
1.14T 3-Pole Wiggler
σh (μm)
33.3
107
125
167
σh' (μrad)
16.5
5.1 91 98
σv (μm)
2.9
5.2
13.4
12.3
σv' (μrad)
2.7
1.5
0.80
0.82
High-b Straight Section (9.3m)
3-pole Wiggler Bending Magnet
Low-b Straight Section (6.6m)

6. Six Beamlines in NSLS-II Construction Project
Inelastic X-ray Scattering (IXS)
Hard X-ray Nanoprobe (HXN)
Coherent Hard X-ray Scattering (CHX)
Coherent Soft X-ray Scattering & Polarization (CSX)
Sub-micron Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy (SRX)
X-ray Powder Diffraction (XPD)
CSX 23-ID
XPD 28-ID
SRX 21-ID
CHX 5-ID
HXN 3-ID
Note: beamline location assignments preliminary
Conceptual design report posted at CDRs_SixProjectBeamlines_NSLS-II.pdf
IXS 10-ID

7. Currently Planned Insertion Devices at NSLS-II
Type of Device
Purpose
Quantity
Damping Wiggler (DW90): 90 mm period, 1.85 T, 2× 3.5 m
Broadband 3
In-Vacuum Undulators (IVU):
IVU20: 20-mm period, 1.05 T (> 5 mm gap), 3 m
IVU21: 21-mm period, 0.91 T (> 5.5 mm gap), 1.5 m, canted
IVU22: 22-mm period, 0.76 T (> 7 mm gap), 2× 3 m (tentative)
Hard X-ray 2 1
Elliptically-polarizing undulator (EPU49): 49-mm period, 0.94 T (> 11.5 mm gap), 2× 2 m long, optionally canted by ~0.16 mrad
Soft X-ray
Three-Pole Wiggler: 1.14 T peak field, 20-cm long
Undulators can be canted by 0-2 mrad in both low-b and high-b straight sections
DWs can also be canted but requires modification of vacuum chamber
Canting angle 0-2 mrad

8. Current and Potential Insertion Devices at NSLS-II
EPU49
DW90
SCW60 BM
3PW
Type
IVU
CPMU
SCU
EPU
PMW
SCW
Bend
Photon energy range [keV]
1.9–20
1.8-20
2.1-25
1.8-40
0.18–7
<0.01– 100
<0.01– 200
<0.01 – 12
<0.01 – 25
Type of straight section
Low-β
High-β
Period length, lU [mm] 20 22 17 14 49 90 60
Total device length [m]
3.0
6.0 ~3 ~2
4.0
7.0
1.0
0.25
Number of periods
148
270
~174
~140
2 x 39 75
0.5
Minimum magnetic gap [mm] 5 7
11.5
12.5 15 28
Peak field linear mode B [T]
1.03
0.74
~1.1
~1.7
0.94
1.85
3.5
0.40
1.14
Max Ky in linear mode
1.83
1.52
~2.2
4.34
15.7
19.6
Peak field circular mode B [T]
0.57
Max K=2 Ky in circular mode
3.69
Min. hn fundamental [keV]
1.6
1.8
~2.1
~1.8
0.17
Critical energy [keV]
11.1 21
2.39
6.8
Maximum total power [kW]
7.9
9.1
~9.2
~16
8.8 67 34
0.32
Horizontal angular power density [kW/mrad] 16
6.6
0.023
0.067
On-axis power density [kW/mr2] 66
~80
~105
32.8 62 25
0.088
0.26
* Requires additional R&D, with CPMU17 as near-term and SCU14 as far-term options

9. Spectral Brightness of NSLS-II Sources at 500mA

10. Spectral Flux of NSLS-II Sources at 500mA

11. Spectral Flux of NSLS-II Sources (cont’d)

12. Wiggler Comparisons

13. Spectral Flux of NSLS-II Infra-Red Sources
Standard gap BMs provide excellent mid and near IR sources;
Large gap (90 mm) BMs provide excellent far-IR sources

14. Optimization of Undulator Performance Given Accelerator Constraints
Radia Model (central part)
IVU Parameters
O. Chubar (NSLS-II)
Reference Geometry:
Pole Width: 40 mm
Pole Height: 25 mm
Pole Thickness: 3 mm (for λu = 20 mm)
Materials:
Pole: Va Permendur NEOMAX
Magnet: NdFeB
Magnet Width: 50 mm
Magnet Height: 29 mm
IVU Lengths Satisfying Vertical “Stay Clear” Constraints in Low- and High-Beta Straight Sections
Fundamental Photon Energy vs Gap for Different IVU Periods (E = 3 GeV)
βy0 = 3.4 m
βy0 = 1.06 m
λu= 20 mm
λu= 21 mm
λu= 22 mm
λu= 23 mm

15. Maximal Spectral Flux through 100 μrad (H) x 50 μrad (V) Aperture
Spectral Flux of Different IVUs – IXS “Candidates” – Satisfying e-Beam Vertical “Stay Clear” Constraint
Maximal Spectral Flux through 100 μrad (H) x 50 μrad (V) Aperture
E-Beam Energy: 3 GeV Current: 0.5 A
NSLS-II
High-Beta (Long) Straight Section
~9.13 keV
Such insertion device optimization is done during conceptual design
Not necessary for beamline development proposal
O. Chubar (NSLS-II)
~9.13 keV

16. Three-pole Wigglers
Added to provide hard x-ray dipole radiation with no significant impact on the emittance
Up to 30 can be added to the lattice upstream of each dipole B
-1.5 mrad
0 mrad
3PW
BM-B
BM-A
mrad
+2.5 mrad
+4.25 mrad

17. 3PW and BM Power Density Distributions
Magnetic Field
Power Density Distribution from different parts of TPW and BM at 30 m (single-electron emission, integral over all photon energies, horizontal cuts at y = 0)
|θX| = 4.25 mrad
|θX| ≈ 2.6 mrad
θX= 0
1.65 mrad
O. Chubar (NSLS-II)

18. 3PW and BM Intensity Distributions (Hard X-rays)
Intensity distributions at different photon energies at 30 m from 3PW show effects from soft poles in 3PW and from adjacent BMs
Effect of such non-ideal intensity distribution on microfocusing is being studied by a working group, and updates will be provided
O. Chubar (NSLS-II)
Vertical Cuts at x = 0
Horizontal Cuts at y = 0

19. Beamline Systems Overview
Utilities and safety system (PSS, EPS)
Front-end (inside storage ring tunnel)
Endstation and experiment controls
Enclosures and beam transport
Photon optical system

20. Optical Systems
Beamline optical systems are key functional elements of any synchrotron beamline. Functions may include:
Monochromators (single-crystal optics, gratings, multilayers)
Beam conditioning (mirrors, focusing optics)
Beam filtering (spectral filter, harmonic rejection mirror, spatial filter or beam-defining slits)
Power handling (high heat-load optics)
Imaging optics (zone-plate objective)
HXN Beamline Optical Layout (top view)
Yong Chu (NSLS-II)

21. Power Outputs from Insertion Devices
O. Chubar (NSLS-II)
APS U33 2.4m produces similar power per unit solid-angle as NSLS-II IVU22 6m

22. Cryogenic vs. Water Cooling of Si Optics
NSLS-II min. gap: 1.8mm(h) x 0.9mm(v)
Bragg angle = 14o
Absorbed Power ~113W
Peak Temp: K
Slope Error: mrad (due to thermal bump)
Cryogenically cooled Si is needed (and is expected to work) for NSLS-II undulator sources
Water cooling is adequate for NSLS-II 3PW/BM sources
V. Ravindranath (NSLS-II)

23. Variety of Cutting-Edge Focusing X-ray Optics
Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) mirrors
Large acceptance aperture, achromatic focusing for easy energy scanning
Focal size limited by critical angle: achieved ~25 nm
Compound Refractive Lens
Refraction effect is weak so requires many lenses
Shape errors affect focal size: achieved ~50 nm
Conventional Fresnel zone plate (FZP)
Easy to use, good efficiency for soft x-rays but poor efficiency for hard x-rays
Focal size limited by smallest features that can be fabricated: achieved ~15 nm
Multilayer Laue-Lens (MLL)
High aspect ratio (>1000) Fresnel zones can be fabricated; good for hard x-rays
Difficult to tune energy
Theory shows <1 nm possible: achieved ~16 nm (1D)
Multilayer mirrors
Good energy tunability; requires ultralow surface finish and precision ML deposition
Focal size limited by ML mirror slope errors: achieved ~8 nm (1D)
Above – XRF imaging of a test pattern, scanned through 2D focusing by crossed MLL, with resolution ~20nm x 40nm
Yan, Conley, Lima et al. (NSLS-II)
Maser, Macrander, Shu et al. (ANL)

24. Canted Beamline Example: SRX Beamline
KB branch
ZP branch
Thieme et al. (NSLS-II)
Two x-ray branches using two ~1.5m long U21-type undulators canted by 2 mrad
Two hor. mirrors to deflect ZP beam out to allow ~0.5 m separation in ZP hutch

25. Coherent Soft X-ray Beamline
Full polarization control branch
Sanchez-Hanke, Reininger, et al. (NSLS-II)
Coherent branch
Two soft x-ray branches using 2x EPUs canted by 0.16 mrad
Branching mirror M1-A to deflect beam outward for the coherent branch

26. NSLS-II Project Beamline Schedule

27. Assisting Users in Beamline Proposal Process
BNL Light Sources scientific staff are part of the scientific user community, and their expertise can be very useful in the beamline development proposal process. NSLS-II and NSLS staff are encouraged to help out user groups who may need certain guidance and technical assistance
This help may be in following forms
Providing advice and guidance in specific area of expertise;
Providing specific technical information such as source properties and existing optical concepts of existing project beamlines; and
Helping to address certain technical issues on conceptual level if appropriate.
Due to limited resources, NSLS-II and NSLS would not be able to provide engineering assistance on technical problems during BL proposal process

28. Beamline Development Sources & Optics Group
Beamline Development Sources & Optics Group has been established to assist user groups on specific technical information and on addressing specific technical issues that may have broad interest in the community
Users are encouraged to contact the members in specific areas of expertise
Members of the Group:
Steve Hulbert – Leader
Oleg Chubar – source properties
Ruben Reininger – gratings and mirrors
Lonny Berman – crystal optics and heat load
Zhong Zhong – high energy x-ray monochromators
Andy Broadbent – utilities and safety systems
Group meets weekly to discuss any issues that requires attention; XFD Director participates in these meetings to provide oversight and to communicate any additional information as needed

29. Beamline Development - Beamline Contact Group
Beamline Contact Group consists of existing beamline group leaders and others with specific expertise in particular type of beamlines; User groups are encouraged to contact the appropriate staff for questions and answers generally related to the type of beamlines of interest.
Beamline Contacts:
Cecilia Sanchez-Hanke / Ruben Reininger – soft x-ray and VUV beamlines
Lonny Berman – 3-pole wiggler and bend-magnet x-ray beamlines
Eric Dooryhee – Damping wiggler x-ray beamlines
Andrei Fluerasu / Juergen Thieme – undulator x-ray beamlines
Beamline contact may seek additional help from the Sources and Optics group to discuss any technical issues, by communicating the topic to any member in the Sources and Optics group.

30. Thank You! Questions ??