2. The Atmosphere

3. BIG Idea: The composition, structure, and properties of Earth’s atmosphere form the basis of Earth’s weather and climate.The composition, structure, and properties of Earth’s atmosphere form the basis of Earth’s weather and climate.

4. Who studies atmospheric conditions? Meteorologists…that’s who!Meteorologists…that’s who!

5. How would you describe the difference between WEATHER and CLIMATE?How would you describe the difference between WEATHER and CLIMATE?

8. I. Characteristics of the Atmosphere Weather = day-to-day changes in atmospheric conditions. Weather = day-to-day changes in atmospheric conditions. These conditions include:These conditions include: TemperatureTemperature Air movementsAir movements Moisture contentMoisture content

9. Climate = general weather conditions averaged over many (about 30) years Climate = general weather conditions averaged over many (about 30) years

10. A. Composition of the Atmosphere 78% Nitrogen78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen21% Oxygen 0.9% Argon0.9% Argon 0.1% Other0.1% Other

11. Ozone – protects usOzone – protects us from harmful UV (ultraviolet) rays Damaged by CFCs (poisons in ACs and refrigerators) Ozzy Ozone

12. Have you noticed the weather today?Have you noticed the weather today? How would you describe it?How would you describe it?

13. B. Properties of the Atmosphere 1)Temperature 2)Air Pressure 3)Humidity

14. 1. Temperature measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a materialmeasure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a material more energy = moving faster = higher temperaturemore energy = moving faster = higher temperature measured with a thermometermeasured with a thermometer

15. 2. Atmospheric (Air) Pressure the ratio of the force of the air to the area of the surface on which it pressesthe ratio of the force of the air to the area of the surface on which it presses the weight of the atmosphere pressing down on Earth’s surfacethe weight of the atmosphere pressing down on Earth’s surface

16. BAROMETER an instrument that measures atmospheric pressurean instrument that measures atmospheric pressure

17. a. Mercurial Barometer

18. b. Aneroid Barometer Aneroid = ‘without liquid’Aneroid = ‘without liquid’

19. 3. Humidity the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere at a given location on Earth’s surfacethe amount of water vapor in the atmosphere at a given location on Earth’s surface

20. C. Layers of the Atmosphere -Based on temperature differences, scientists identify four layers of Earth’s atmosphere -Each layer is separated by a “pause”

21. Visualizing the Layers of the AtmosphereVisualizing the Layers of the AtmosphereVisualizing the Layers of the AtmosphereVisualizing the Layers of the Atmosphere

24. 1. Troposphere: all weather occurs here Layer closest to Earth’s surfaceLayer closest to Earth’s surface

25. 2. Stratosphere: where most of the ozone is

26. 3. Mesosphere: coldest layer (-90°C ) 4. Thermosphere: hottest layer (over 2000°C); nitrogen and oxygen atoms absorb solar energy

28. Components of the Atmosphere - QuizComponents of the Atmosphere - QuizComponents of the Atmosphere - QuizComponents of the Atmosphere - Quiz

29. II. Solar Energy A. Radiation: all forms of energy that travel through space as waves

31. What happens to solar energy that reaches Earth’s surface?

32. 1.reflected (sent in a new direction), or 2.absorbed

34. Why does the inside of a closed parked car heat up, while the windows stay cool?Why does the inside of a closed parked car heat up, while the windows stay cool?

37. B. Greenhouse Effect: atmosphere traps (long) infrared rays The Sun’s energyThe Sun’s energy is trapped inside.

39. What are the ‘greenhouse gases’ that trap heat within our atmosphere?What are the ‘greenhouse gases’ that trap heat within our atmosphere?

40. 1.Water vapor 2.Carbon dioxide  produced by humans  burning of fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal)

43. C. Heat Energy Transfer

44. 1.Convection: transfer of heat energy in gases or liquids due to density differences.

45. 2. Conduction: transfer of heat energy through matter from particle to particle; most effective in solids.

46. 3. Radiation: waves that directly transport energy through space; brings HEAT to our planet.

47. III. Winds Created by uneven heat distribution at Earth’s surfaceCreated by uneven heat distribution at Earth’s surface –The amount of energy reaching any given point on Earth’s surface is controlled by the angle of sunlight striking the surface

48. What causes the amount of energy to vary?What causes the amount of energy to vary?

50. Our tilt!Our tilt! Where on Earth will you receive more of the sun’s energy per unit area?Where on Earth will you receive more of the sun’s energy per unit area? Where will you receive less?Where will you receive less?

53. The Coriolis Effect: Earth’s rotation causes winds to deflect (curve) to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.The Coriolis Effect: Earth’s rotation causes winds to deflect (curve) to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Same with waterSame with water

55. A. Global Winds Winds are named according to the direction FROM which they flow! 1. Trade Winds (Tropical Easterlies) – winds in both hemispheres flowing towards the equator  between 30° (N and S) and 0° latitude

56. a.Doldrums – weak and unpredictable air mix, 5° N and S of the equator *winds CONVERGE here to form an area of LOW pressure b. Horse Latitudes – very weak air movement 30°- 35° N and S

57. 2. Westerlies – between 30° and 60° N and S. 3. Polar Easterlies – weak winds at 60° N and S that flow away from the poles.

59. TICKET ITEM!! TICKET ITEM!! Why does warm air rise from the equator, and cold air sink at the poles?Why does warm air rise from the equator, and cold air sink at the poles?

61. 4. Jet Stream – bands of high- speed high-altitude westerly winds.

62. B. Local Winds / Breezes

63. 1. Sea Breeze – in the daytime, winds from cooler water replace warm rising land air

64. 2. Land Breeze – at night, winds from cooler land replace warm air over the water

65. 3. Valley Breeze – in the day warm air rises UP the valley

66. 4. Mountain Breeze – at night, cool air sinks DOWN the mountain

67. What causes weather? uneven heating by the Sun due to Earth’s axis tiltuneven heating by the Sun due to Earth’s axis tilt energy transfer between Earth’s surface and the atmosphereenergy transfer between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere