1. TRIPLE ONLY
The law of magnets
Like poles repel unlike poles attract 1

2. Magnetic fields
A magnetic field is a volume of space where magnetic force is exerted.
All magnets are surrounded by magnetic fields.
The shape of a magnetic field can be shown by iron filings or plotting compasses. 2

3. Magnetic field around a bar magnet
magnetic field line
Arrows on the field lines show the direction of the force on a free to move north pole
The stronger the magnetic field the denser the magnetic field lines. 3

4. Magnetic fields between two bar magnets4

5. The Earth’s magnetic field
The earth’s magnetic field is similar in shape to that around a bar magnet.
It is thought to be caused by electric currents flowing through the molten outer core of the Earth.
At the present the field pattern is like that with a magnetic SOUTH pole situated somewhere below northern Greenland 5

6. No current, compass points to north Current, compass deflected
Electromagnetism
No current, compass points to north
Current, compass deflected
In 1820 Hans Ørsted noticed that a wire carrying an electric current caused a compass needle to deflect. 6

7. Magnetic field patterns around wires 1. Straight wire
TRIPLE ONLY
Magnetic field patterns around wires 1. Straight wire
The magnetic field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire.
The magnetic field is strongest near the wire.
This is shown by the field lines being closest together near to the wire.
The strength of the field increases if the electric current is increased. 7

8. The right-hand grip rule (for fields)
TRIPLE ONLY
The right-hand grip rule (for fields)
Grip the wire with the RIGHT hand.
The thumb is placed in the direction of the electric current.
The fingers show the direction of the circular magnetic field. 8

9. 3. Solenoid A solenoid is a coil of wire carrying an electric current.
TRIPLE ONLY
3. Solenoid
A solenoid is a coil of wire carrying an electric current.
The magnetic field is similar in shape to that around a bar magnet.
The strength of the field increases with:
the electric current
the number of turns in the coil N S 9

10. The right-hand grip rule (for poles)
TRIPLE ONLY
The right-hand grip rule (for poles)
Grip the coil with the RIGHT hand.
The fingers are placed in the direction that the eclectic current flows around the coil.
The thumb points towards the north pole end of the coil. N S 10

11. TRIPLE ONLY
Electromagnets
An electromagnet consists of a current carrying coil wrapped around an iron core. 11

12. Uses of electromagnets
TRIPLE ONLY
Uses of electromagnets
1. Scrap yard crane
The iron core of the electromagnet is a SOFT magnetic material.
When current flows the iron becomes strongly magnetised and so picks up the scrap iron and steel.
When the current is turned off the iron loses its magnetisation and so releases the scrap. 12

13. Charge deflection by a magnetic field
TRIPLE ONLY
Charge deflection by a magnetic field
Electric charges are deflected by magnetic fields provided they are not travelling parallel to the field lines.
Positive and negative charges are deflected in opposite directions. S N + - 13

14. The motor effect - - - - + + + + N
When a current carrying conductor carrying an electric current is placed in a magnetic field, it will experience a force provided that the conductor is not placed parallel to the field lines.
This is called the motor effect. S + - + - + - N + -
Motor effect - Fendt

15. The force increases if:
– the strength of the magnetic field is increased
– the current is increased
The direction of the force is reversed if either the direction of the current or the direction of the magnetic field is reversed.
Motor effect - Fendt

16. Fleming’s left-hand motor rule
Note:
Magnetic field direction is from NORTH to SOUTH
Current direction is from PLUS to MINUS
Motor effect - Fendt

17. Insert the missing information
Q1. Force direction ?
Q2 Current direction ? N S S N
Q3 N and S poles ?
Q4 Force directions ? N S N S
Note:
means current out of the page
means current into the page
Motor effect - Fendt

18. The electric motor
Electric current flowing around the coil of the electric motor produces oppositely directed forces on each side of the coil.
These forces cause the coil to rotate.
Every half revolution the split ring commutator causes the current in the coil to reverse otherwise the coil would stop in the vertical position.
Electric motor - Fendt

19. N S + rotation axis contact brush
Brushes lose contact with the split ring commutator.
Current no longer flows through the motor coil.
The coil will continue to rotate clockwise due to its momentum.
Brushes regain contact with the split ring commutator.
Current flows through the motor coil but in the original direction.
Forces exert a clockwise turning effect on the coil.
Brushes regain contact with the split ring commutator.
Current flows through the motor coil but in the opposite direction.
Forces exert a clockwise turning effect on the coil.
Brushes in contact with the split ring commutator.
Current flows through the motor coil.
Forces exert a clockwise turning effect on the coil
Brushes lose contact with the split ring commutator.
Current no longer flows through the motor coil.
The coil will continue to rotate clockwise due to its momentum. +
split-ring commutator
Electric motor - Fendt

20. The loudspeaker
The sound signal consists of an alternating current supplied by the amplifier.
This current flows through the coil of the loudspeaker.
Due to the motor effect, the magnetic field around the coil causes the coil to vibrate in step with the alternating current.
The coil causes the diaphragm (speaker cone) to vibrate in step with the original sound signal.
The diaphragm causes air to vibrate and so produces a sound wave.

21. Electromagnetic induction
If an electrical conductor cuts through magnetic field lines, a voltage is induced across the ends of the conductor.
If the wire is part of a complete circuit, a current is induced in the wire.
This is called electromagnetic induction and is sometimes called the generator effect.
Generator - Fendt

22. If a magnet is moved into a coil of wire, a voltage is induced across the ends of the coil.
If the direction of motion, or the polarity of the magnet, is reversed, then the direction of the induced voltage and the induced current are also reversed.
Electromagnetic induction also occurs if the magnetic field is stationary and the coil is moved.
Generator - Fendt

23. The size of the induced voltage increases when:
– the speed of the movement increases
– the strength of the magnetic field increases
– the number of turns on the coil increases
– the area of the coil is greater.
Generator - Fendt

24. Alternating Current Generators
Most electricity is produced using the ‘generator effect’.
The simplest generators and the types used in power stations produce alternating current (A.C.)
Generator - Fendt

25. Moving Coil A.C. Generator
Generator - Fendt

26. Generator - Fendt

27. This like an electric motor in reverse.
As the coil is rotated electromagnetic induction occurs.
An alternating voltage is induced in the coil.
An alternating current is drawn off through two slip rings.
The faster the coil is rotated:
- the greater is the amplitude of the voltage and current
- the higher is the frequency of the a.c.
Generator - Fendt

28. Bicycle generator
When the wheel turns the magnet is made to rotate next to the fixed coil of wire.
Electromagnetic induction occurs and a alternating voltage is induced in the coil.
This causes an alternating current to flow to the light bulb of the bicycle.
Generator - Fendt

29. Question 1 V
time
The graph opposite shows how the voltage of a generator varies in time. Using the same set of axes show how the voltage would vary if the rotational speed of the generator was doubled.
The new voltage will have TWICE the amplitude AND frequency of the original.

30. Question 2 Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The _________ effect occurs when a conductor is moved relative to a ____________ field. This is also known as electromagnetic ___________.
The greater the relative __________ of the conductor and magnetic field the _______ is the voltage ________.
If the conductor is part of a ________ circuit an electric current will flow.
___________ current is produced if the direction of movement is continually _________.
generator
magnetic
induction
movement
greater
induced
complete
alternating
reversed
WORD SELECTION:
magnetic
complete
alternating
generator
reversed
induction
induced
greater
movement

31. TRIPLE ONLY
The transformer
A transformer is a device that is used to change one alternating voltage level to another.
circuit symbol
Transformer - eChalk

32. Structure of a transformer
TRIPLE ONLY
Structure of a transformer
A transformer consists of at least two coils of wire wrapped around a laminated iron core.
PRIMARY VOLTAGE Vp
PRIMARY COIL of Np turns
SECONDARY COIL of Ns turns
SECONDARY VOLTAGE Vs
laminated iron core
Transformer - eChalk

33. How a transformer works
TRIPLE ONLY
How a transformer works
When an alternating voltage, Vp is applied to the primary coil of Np turns it causes an alternating to flow in this coil.
This current causes a changing magnetic field in the laminated iron core which cuts across the secondary coil of Ns turns.
Electromagnetic induction occurs in this coil which produces an alternating voltage, Vs.
Transformer - eChalk

34. TRIPLE ONLY
Question
Why can a transformer not change the level of the voltage output of a battery?
A battery produces a steady (DC) voltage.
This voltage would cause a constant direct current in the primary coil of a transformer.
This current would produce an unchanging magnetic field in the iron core.
This unchanging magnetic field would NOT cause electromagnetic induction in the secondary coil.
There would therefore be no secondary voltage.

35. The transformer equation
TRIPLE ONLY
The transformer equation
The voltages or potential differences across the primary and secondary coils of a transformer are related by the equation:
primary voltage = primary turns
secondary voltage secondary turns
Vp = Np
Vs Ns
Transformer - eChalk

36. TRIPLE ONLY
Question 1
Calculate the secondary voltage of a transformer that has a primary coil of 1200 turns and a secondary of 150 turns if the primary is supplied with 230V.
Vp = Np
Vs Ns
230 / Vs = / 150
230 / Vs = 8
230 = 8 x Vs
230 / 8 = Vs
Secondary voltage = 28.8 V
Transformer - eChalk

37. TRIPLE ONLY
Question 2
Calculate the number of turns required for the primary coil of a transformer if secondary has 400 turns and the primary voltage is stepped up from 12V to a secondary voltage of 48V.
Vp = Np
Vs Ns
12 / = Np / 400
= Np / 400
0.25 x = Np
Primary has 100 turns
Transformer - eChalk

38. Complete: Answers PRIMARY SECONDARY Voltage Turns 230 V 1000 11.5 V 50
TRIPLE ONLY
Complete:
Answers
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
Voltage
Turns
230 V
1000
11.5 V 50
500
46 V
100
200
920 V
800
9 V
120
72 V
960 50
46 V
200
9 V
Transformer - eChalk

39. Transformer power transfer equation
TRIPLE ONLY
Transformer power transfer equation
If a transformer is 100% efficient then the power input to the primary coil is equalled by the power output from the secondary coil.
as power = current x voltage
then:
Ip x Vp = Is x Vs

40. TRIPLE ONLY
Question 1
Calculate the primary current if when a transformer is supplied with 230V the secondary provides 4A at a voltage of 13V. Assume that the transformer is 100% efficient.
Ip x Vp = Is x Vs
Ip x 230V = 4A x 13V
Ip = 52 / 230
Primary current = A

41. TRIPLE ONLY
Question 2
Calculate the secondary current from a transformer supplying a secondary voltage of 6V if the primary is supplied with a current of 0.20A at 230V. Assume that the transformer is 100% efficient.
Ip x Vp = Is x Vs
0.2A x 230V = Is x 6V
Is = 46 / 6
Secondary current = 7.67 A

42. Complete: Answers PRIMARY SECONDARY Np Vp Ip Ns Is 600 200V 0.4 A 30
TRIPLE ONLY
Complete:
Answers
PRIMARY
SECONDARY Np Vp Ip Ns Is
600
200V
0.4 A 30
10V
8 A
100
12V
4000
480V
0.2 A
300
72V 50
2.4 A
25V
10 A
250
125V
2 A 1 2 3 4 6 5 8 7

43. TRIPLE ONLY
Step-up transformers
In a step-up transformer the voltage across the secondary coil is greater than the voltage across the primary coil.
The secondary turns must be greater than the primary turns.
Use: To increase the voltage output from a power station from 25 kV ( V) to up to 400 kV.
Transformer - eChalk

44. Step-down transformers
TRIPLE ONLY
Step-down transformers
In a step-down transformer the voltage across the secondary coil is smaller than the voltage across the primary coil.
The secondary turns must be smaller than the primary turns.
Use: To decrease the voltage output from the mains supply from 230V to 18V to power and recharge a lap-top computer.
Transformer - eChalk

45. Transformers and the National Grid
TRIPLE ONLY
Transformers and the National Grid
The National Grid is the system of cables used to deliver electrical power from power stations to consumers.
The higher the voltage used, the greater is the efficiency of energy transmission.
Lower voltages result in higher electric currents and greater energy loss to heat due to the resistance of the cables.

46. TRIPLE ONLY
At power stations the output voltage of the generators is stepped up by transformers from 25kV to 132kV.
The voltage may be further increased to up to 400 kV for transmission over long distance pylon lines.

47. TRIPLE ONLY
The voltage is reduced in stages by step-down transformers to different levels for different types of consumer.
The lowest level is 230V for domestic use. The final step- down transformer will be at sub station within a few hundred metres of each group of houses.

48. TRIPLE ONLY
Question 1
Why is electrical energy transmitted over the National Grid in the form of alternating current?
To maximise efficiency high voltages must be used.
Voltage therefore needs to be changed in level.
Transformers are needed to change voltage levels.
Transformers only work with alternating current.

49. Question 2 Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
TRIPLE ONLY
Question 2
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
Transformers are used to change one ___________ voltage level to another. They do not work with ____________current.
Step-up transformers _________ the voltage because their ___________ coil has more turns than the primary.
Transformers are used in the __________ Grid. The _______ output of a power station is increased to up to _______. A high voltage reduces the ________ lost to heat due to the _________ of the power lines.
alternating
direct
increase
secondary
National
25 kV
400 kV
energy
resistance
WORD SELECTION:
energy
direct
National
secondary
resistance
increase
400 kV
alternating
25 kV

50. Electromagnetism Simulations
Motor effect - Fendt
Electric motor - Fendt
Faraday Electromagnetic Lab – PhET Play with a bar magnet and coils to learn about Faraday's law. Move a bar magnet near one or two coils to make a light bulb glow. View the magnetic field lines. A meter shows the direction and magnitude of the current. View the magnetic field lines or use a meter to show the direction and magnitude of the current. You can also play with electromagnets, generators and transformers!
Faraday's Law - PhET - Light a light bulb by waving a magnet. This demonstration of Faraday's Law shows you how to reduce your power bill at the expense of your grocery bill.
Generator - Fendt
Transformer - load can be changed but not turns ration - netfirms
Transformer - eChalk

51. TRIPLE ONLY
Electric Motors and Electromagnetic Induction Notes questions from pages 187 to 196
(a) What is the motor effect? (b) What factors determine the size of the force exerted on a conductor in a magnetic field? (c) With the aid of a diagram show how Fleming’s left-hand rule can be used to find the direction of the force on a conductor.
Copy figures 22.5 and 22.6 and explain how a moving coil loudspeaker and electric motor work.
(a) Draw diagrams and explain what is meant by ‘electromagnetic induction’? (b) What factors determine the size of the voltage produced?
Copy figure and use it to explain how a simple generator works.
Copy figure and use it to explain how a transformer works.
Copy the two transformer equations on pages 193 and 194 and find the secondary current and voltage for a 100% efficient transformer that has a primary coil of 800 turns supplied with 2A at 40V if the secondary coil has 100 turns.
Explain what is meant by step-up and step-down transformers and how they are used in the UK’s National Grid system.
Answer the questions on pages 195 and 196.
Verify that you can do all of the items listed in the end of chapter checklist on page 195.

52. DOUBLE SCIENCE ONLY
Electric Motors and Electromagnetic Induction Notes questions from pages 187 to 196
(a) What is the motor effect? (b) What factors determine the size of the force exerted on a conductor in a magnetic field? (c) With the aid of a diagram show how Fleming’s left-hand rule can be used to find the direction of the force on a conductor.
Copy figures 22.5 and 22.6 and explain how a moving coil loudspeaker and electric motor work.
(a) Draw diagrams and explain what is meant by ‘electromagnetic induction’? (b) What factors determine the size of the voltage produced?
Copy figure and use it to explain how a simple generator works.
Answer questions 1, 2 and 3 on pages 195 and 196.