1. The Nervous System

3. Organization of the Nervous System
Structural Classification
Functional classification

4. Structural Classification
Central nervous system (CNS) consists of brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of spinal and cranial nerves.

5. Functional classification
The sensory, or afferent.
The motor, or efferent.

6. The somatic nervous system
voluntary nervous system
The autonomic nervous system
involuntary nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic

7. Functional anatomy of the brain
Cerebral hemispheres.
Diencephalon.
Brain stem.
Cerebellum.

9. Cerebral Hemispheres The most superior and largest part of the brain.
The entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres have elevated ridges of tissue called gyri,separated by shallow grooves called sulci
Fissures are the deeper grooves which separate large regions of the brain

11. The cerebral hemispheres are separated by a single deep fissure the longitudinal fissure
Other fissures divide each cerebral hemispheres into number of lobes
Somatic sensory area is located in the parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus
The body represented upside-down manner
The visual area is located in the in the posterior part of the occipital lobe

13. The auditory is located in the temporal lobe
The olfactory area is found deep inside the temporal lobe
The primary motor area is anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe.
Broca’s area is found at the base of the precentral gyrus
Speech area is located at the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.

15. The cell bodies of neurons are found only in the outermost gray matter of cerebrum ,the cerebral cortex
The deeper cerebral white matter is composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex.

17. Diencephalon
The major structures of diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithlamus

19. The thalamus It encloses the shallow third ventricle of the brain
It is a relay station for sensory impulses.

21. The hypothalamus It makes the floor of the diencephalon
It is an important autonomic nervous system centre (body temperature, water balance, and metabolism)
The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland

23. epithalamus It forms the roof of the third ventricle
The choroid plexus, form the cerebrospinal fluid.

25. Brain stem
Midbrain ,pons,and medulla oblongata

27. cerebellum . It has two hemispheres and a convoluted surface.
Precise timing for skeletal muscle activity.

28. Protection of the central nervous system
Bone (skull and vertebral column)
Membranes (meninges)
Watery cushion (CSF)
Blood brain barrier

30. meninges Dura mater…double-layered membrane periosteal layer
meningeal layer
Dural sinuses….collect venous blood
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli

32. Arachnoid mater
Pia mater..delicate pia mater
The subarachnoid space …C.S.F
Arachnoid villi

34. C.S.F
Watery similar in it’s makeup to blood plasma, from which it forms.

36. Is formed from blood by the choroid plexuses that found in the lateral and third ventricles
then to the subarachnoid space through the three opening in the wall of the fourth ventricles

38. Spinal cord
It extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebra
The spinal is protected by meninges which is extend well beyond the end of spinal cord.
31pairs of spinal nerves
Cauda equina
Cervical and lumbar enlargement

40. Gray mater of the spinal cord
Butterfly –H
Posterior or dorsal horn
anterior or ventral horn and lateral horn
Gray mater surrounds the central canal
Dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, ventral root

42. White mater of the spinal cord
Posterior column (ascending). lateral, and anterior columns (ascending and descending).