1. 12 Memory Systems
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2. Introduction
Learning and remembering distinguishes naïve from mature brain
Relationship between visual development and learning
Similar mechanisms in different cortical areas
Memories range from stated facts to ingrained motor patterns
Anatomy: Several memory systems
Evident from brain lesions
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3. Learning & Memory Learning Acquisition of new information Memory
Retention of learned information
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4. Types of Memory Long-Term, Short-Term, and Working Memory
Working memory: Active, Temporary information storage
Sensory information
Long-term
memory
Short-term memory
Consolidation
Short-term memory
Time
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5. Types of Memory: Long-Term
Declarative memory (explicit)
Facts and events
Nondeclarative memory (implicit)
Procedural memory- skills, habits, behaviors
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6. Types of Memory and Amnesia
Amnesia: Serious loss of memory and ability to learn
Causes: Concussion, chronic alcoholism, encephalitis, hypoxia, brain tumor, or stroke
Limited amnesia
Dissociated amnesia: Amnesia, no other cognitive deficit (rare)
Anterograde with Temporally-Graded Retrograde Amnesia
Transient global amnesia:Caused by ischemic episode. Short duration
Symptoms: Disoriented, ask same questions repeatedly; Attacks subside in couple of hours; Permanent memory gap
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7. Types of Memory and Amnesia
Memory loss related to time
Retrograde amnesia
Forget things you already knew
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
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8. Memory Storage
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9. Memory Storage Hebb and the Cell Assembly
External events are represented by cortical cells
Cells reciprocally interconnected reverberation
Active neurons—cell assembly
Consolidation by “growth process”
“Fire together, wire together”
Hebb and the engram
Widely distributed among linked cells in the assembly
Could involve neurons involved in sensation and perception
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10. Memory Storage
Hebb’s Cell Assembly and Memory Storage
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11. Memory Storage Localization of Declarative Memories in the Neocortex
Experiments—macaque monkeys
Differentiate objects based on shapes
Lesion made in area IT
Cannot discriminate
Does not remember stimulus
Studies in humans
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12. Memory Storage Electrical Stimulation of the Human Temporal Lobes
Penfield’s experiments
Electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe Complex sensations
Penfield’s patients: Sensations like hallucinations, recall past experiences
Temporal lobe: Role in memory storage
Temporal lobe stimulation
Different from stimulation of other areas of neocortex
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13. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
Temporal Lobectomy
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14. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
The Medial
Temporal
Lobes and
Memory
Processing
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15. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
The Medial
Temporal
Lobes and
Memory
Processing
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16. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
DNMS: Delayed non-match to sample
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17. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
DNMS: Delayed
non-match to sample
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18. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
Diencephalon
& Memory
Processing
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19. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
The Diencephalon: Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Symptoms: Confusion, confabulations, severe memory impairment, and apathy
Alcoholics: Develop thiamin deficiency
Leads to symptoms: Abnormal eye movements, loss of coordination, tremors
Treatment: Supplemental thiamin
Thiamin deficiency: Structural brain damage
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20. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
Role of the medial temporal lobes
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21. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
Morris water maze
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22. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
Relational memory:
Spatial Navigation
Extra-Maze Cues
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23. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
Relational memory:
Spatial Navigation
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24. The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory
Relational memory:
Transverse Patterning
A>B B>C C>A
Transitive Inference
A>B B>C C>D D>E B?D
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25. The Striatum & Procedural Memory
Two elements of basal ganglia Striatum
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Rodent Recordings and Lesions in the Striatum
Lesions to striatum: Disrupts procedural memory
Damaged hippocampal system: Degraded performance on standard maze task
Lesion in striatum: Impaired performance of the light task; Double dissociation
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26. The Striatum & Procedural Memory
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27. Working Memory The Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory
Function of prefrontal cortex: self-awareness, capacity for planning and problem solving
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28. Working Memory Imaging Working Memory in the Human Brain
Numerous areas in prefrontal cortex are involved in working memory
Face Only
Face & Spatial
Spatial Only
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29. Working Memory
Working Memory
Updating
Perseveration
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30. The Working Memory
Lateral Intraparietal Cortex (Area LIP) and Working Memory : Guiding eye movements
Delayed-saccade task
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31. Concluding Remarks Learning and memory Occur throughout the brain
Memories
Duration, kind of information stored, and brain structures involved
Distinct types of memory
Different types of amnesia
Multiple brain systems for memory storage
Engrams in temporal lobe neocortex
Physiological basis?
Long-term memories: structural basis?
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32. End of Presentation
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