1. The Human Brain

2. Central Nervous System
Spinal
Cord
Brain
Brain and Spinal Cord
key words: central nervous system; brain; spinal cord

3. Brain has 2 Hemispheres Left & Right sides are separate
Corpus Callosum : major pathway between hemispheres
Some functions are ‘lateralized’
language on left
math, music on right
Lateralization is never 100%
Left
Hemisphere
Corpus Callosum
Right
key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere

4. Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital

5. Sensory Information sent to opposite hemisphere
Principle is Contralateral Organization
Sensory data crosses over in pathways leading to the cortex
Visual Crossover
left visual field to right hemisphere
right field to left
Other senses similar
Left visual
field
Right visual
Optic
nerves
Corpus
Callosum
Left Visual
Cortex
Right Visual
key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere; visual infomation; touch information

6. Contralateral Motor Control
Movements controled by motor area
Right hemisphere controls left side of body
Left hemisphere controls right side
Motor nerves cross sides in spinal cord
Somatosensory Cortex
Motor Cortex

7. Corpus Callosum Major ( but not only) pathway between sides
Connects comparable structures on each side
Permits data received on one side to be processed in both hemispheres
Aids motor coordination of left and right side
Corpus Callosum
Medial surface of right hemisphere
Example : You read a geometry problem in a textbook. The words are seen and the visual forms translated into meaning by the language center in the left hemisphere. To solve the problem you have to imagine a cone shaped object. This is accomplished by centers in the right hemisphere. The solution is written down using language generated by the left hemisphere.
What would happen in cases like this if the callosum was damaged ?

8. Lobes of the Brain
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions
Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles.
Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses
The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses
© Genentech Inc

9. Occipital Lobe Input from Optic nerve Contains primary visual cortex
most is on surface inside central fissure
Outputs to parietal and temporal lobes
Occipital
Lobe
Visual
Lobe

10. Temporal Lobe Inputs are auditory, visual patterns
Contains primary auditory cortex
Inputs are auditory, visual patterns
speech recognition
face recognition
word recognition
memory formation
Outputs to limbic System, basal Ganglia, and brainstem
Temporal
Lobe
Auditory
Cortex
Temporal
Lobe

11. Parietal Lobe Inputs from multiple senses
Somatosensory
Cortex
contains primary somatosensory cortex
borders visual & auditory cortex
Outputs to Frontal lobe
hand-eye coordination
eye movements
attention

12. Frontal Lobe Contains primary motor cortex No direct sensory input
Working
Memory
Motor
Cortex
Broca’s
Area
No direct sensory input
Important planning and sequencing areas
Broca’s area for speech
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions
Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles.
Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses
The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses
Prefrontal area for working memory

13. Layers of the Cerebrum
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions
Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles.
Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses
The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses
© Genentech Inc

14. Control Centers of the Brain
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions
Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles.
Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses
The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses
© Genentech Inc