1. Chapter 18
Lesson 1

2. Structure of the Endocrine System
All the cells in your body respond to messages sent by three of your major body systems
Nervous System
Immune System
Endocrine System
Endocrine glands are ductless or tubeless organs or groups of cells that secret hormones directly into the blood stream
Hormones are chemical substances that are produced in glands and help regulate many of your body’s function
Secreted by the endocrine glands and are carried by the blood to their destination in the body
Influence physical and mental responses

3. Structure of the Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
Regulates and controls the activities of all other endocrine glands
Has 3 sections
Anterior lobe
Production of sex hormones
Intermediate lobe
Darkening of the skin by stimulating skin pigment
Posterior lobe
Secreting ADH
Adrenal Gland
Regulates the body’s salt and water balance
Helps the body recover from stress and response to emergencies
There are two parts
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

4. Problems of the Endocrine System
Diabetes Mellitus
A disorder in which the pancreas produces too little or no insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels
Graves’s Disease
also called hyperthyroidism, a disorder in which an overactive and enlarged thyroid glands produces excessive amounts of thyroxin.
Cushing’s disease
Results from the overproduction of adrenal hormones.
Symptoms include round face, humped upper back, thin and easily bruised skin, and fragile bones
Growth disorder
Caused by abnormal amounts of growth hormone

5. The Male Reproductive System
Lesson 2

6. Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System
The reproductive system is the system of organs involved in producing offspring
The two main functions of the male reproductive systems are the production and storage of sperm and the transfer of sperm to the female’s body during sexual intercourse.
Hormones produced in the pituitary gland stimulate the production of testosterone, the male sex hormone
Testosterone initiates physical changes that signal maturity, including broadening of the shoulders, development of muscles and facial hair and other body hair, and deepening of the voice.
Testosterone also controls the production of the sperm

7. Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System
Testes
Two small glands that produce sperm
Scrotum
An external sac
Penis
Tube-shaped organ that extends from the trunk of the body just above the testes
Semen
Thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system
Fertilization
The joining of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell
Internal Male Reproductive organs
See pg. 470 figure 18.2

8. Care of the Male Reproductive System
Get regular check up
Bathe regularly
Wear protective equipment
Perform regular self-examinations
Practice abstinence

9. STDs (Sexually Transmitted Disease)
STDs that can affect the male reproductive system are
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Genital Herpes
The primary means of transmission of all STDs is sexual activity

10. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
Inguinal Hernia
A separation of tissue that allows part of the intestine to push the abdominal wall near the top of the scrotum
Treatment includes surgery
Sterility
The inability to reproduce
Can result from environmental hazards, including exposure to X rays and other radiations, toxic chemicals, and lead. Hormonal imbalance, certain medications, and use of drugs, including anabolic steroids.

11. Problems of the Male Reproductive System
Testicular Cancer
Can affect males of any age but occurs most often in males between the ages of 14 and 40
Factors that increase the risk of developing TC are undescended testicle, abnormal testicular development, and family history of testicular cancer.
Symptoms include painless lump or swelling. Pain or discomfort in testicle or scrotum
Prostate Gland
Can become enlarged as a result of an infection, a tumor, or age-related problems.
An enlarged gland presses against the urethra, resulting in frequent or difficult urination. Symptoms may indicate prostate cancer
Treatment includes radiation, hormone therapy, and surgery.

12. The Female Reproductive System
Lesson 3

13. Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System
The functions of the female reproduction system includes producing female sex hormones and storing female reproductive cells called ova.
Uterus
a hollow, muscular pear-shaped organ inside a female’s body
Ovaries
The female sex glands that store the ova and produce female sex hormones
Ovulation
the process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month
Fallopian tubes
A pair of tubes with fingerlike projections that draw on the ovum
Vagina
A muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body
Cervix
The opening to the uterus
Menstruation
The shedding of the uterine lining

14. Care of the Female Reproductive System
Females should care for her reproductive system by
Bathing regularly
Feminine deodorant sprays and douches are not necessary and may cause irritation or infection in the sensitive tissues around the vagina
Practice abstinence from sexual activity
Breast Self-Exam
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of the death, after lung cancer, for women.
Females should begin examining their breasts right after their menstrual cycle, once a month

15. Problems of the Female Reproductive System
Menstrual Cramps
Can be relieved with light exercise or applying a heating pad to the abdominal area
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Disorder caused by hormonal changes
Symptoms include nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating, weight gain, depression, mood swings, and fatigue
Toxic shock syndrome
Bacterial infection that affects the immune system and the liver, and can be fatal

16. Problems related to Infertility
Endometriosis
Painful, chronic disease occurs when tissue that lines the uterus migrates and grows in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the uterus, or the lining of the pelvic cavity.
Endometrium
The thickened lining of the uterus
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
An infection of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the surrounding areas of the pelvis
Most often caused by STDs
STDs
The most common causes of infertility and other disorders of the reproductive system.

17. Other Female Reproductive Disorders
Vaginitis
Most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age, and is often accompanied by discharge, odor, pain, itching, or burning
Blocked fallopian tubes
The leading cause of infertility, may result from PID, abdominal surgery, STDs, or endometriosis
Ovarian cysts
Fluid filled sacs in the ovary wall
Cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer
Regular check ups and pelvic exams are important for early detection and treatment