2. Electroconvulsive therapy 1938 – 100volts, awake Today – Anesthesia mmm and muscle relaxer How does it work?

4. 80% success rate for treatment of severe depression Memory loss (possible) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ct90t_iF6Q 2:00min – 8:00min (6:00min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ct90t_iF6Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8K37POBojs (2:55min total)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8K37POBojs

5. Magnetic Stimulation Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations (rTMS) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations (rTMS)

6. Awake Magnetic field only penetrates to the brain’s surface Stimulate or dampen particular areas of brain Left frontal lobe = depressed patients No seizures, no memory loss

7. Brain Stimulation Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies

8. Psychosurgery Remove or destroy brain tissue Lobotomy Cutting main neurons to the frontal lobe = mental vegetable “Discovered” 1930s – performed widely until 1950s when antipsychotics were introduced http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk (5:11min total) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk