1. Writing Skills - Letter Writing

2. Overview
Writing Routine & Pleasant Letter
Writing Unpleasant Letter
Writing to Persuade
Preparing Resumes
Writing Application Letter
Structure & Layout of Letters

3. Writing Routine & Pleasant Letter

4. Understand Your Audience/Readers

5. AUDIENCE REACTION
Eager or interested
Pleased or neutral
Displeased
Uninterested or unwilling

6. Encourages brevity and accuracy Permits concentration
Organize – Why?
Encourages brevity and accuracy
Permits concentration
Saves time in dictating/writing
Facilitates emphasis/de-emphasis
The relationships among ideas are easier to distinguish and remember
Reaction to the message and its writer is more likely to be positive.

7. Organize (Deductively or Inductively)
deductive sequence-of-ideas pattern has several advantages:
1. The first sentence is easy to write
2. The first sentence is likely to attract attention.
3. When good news appears in the beginning, the message immediately puts readers in a pleasant state of mind.
4. The arrangement reduces the reading time. Once readers have grasped the important idea, they can move rapidly through the supporting details.

8. Business Letters - Situations
Letters not likely to generate any emotional reaction are referred to as routine letters.
Routine Claim and ‘yes’ reply
Routine Letters about credit and favorable response to credit request
Routine Letters about orders
Letters about routine requests

9. Routine Claim
Persuasive claims, which will be discussed in a later chapter, assume that the request will be granted only after explanations and persuasive arguments have been presented.
Routine claims - possibly because of guarantees, warrantees, or other contractual conditions - assume that the request will be granted quickly and willingly, without persuasion.

10. Routine claims
When the claim is routine (not likely to meet resistance), the following outline is recommended:
1. Request action in the first sentence,
2. Explain the details supporting the request for action.
3. Close with an expression of appreciation for taking the action requested.

11. When the response to a claim letter is favorable
1.        Reveal the good news in the first sentence.
2.        Explain the circumstances.
3.        Close on a pleasant, forward looking note.

12. Routine Letters about Credit
Request for information
Identify the request and name the applicant early.
Assure the reader that the reply will be kept confidential.
Detail the information requested. Use a tabulated-form layout to make the reply easy.
End courteously.

13. Favorable response to a request for credit
Begin by saying credit terms have been arranged;
Indicate the foundation upon which the credit extension is based.
Present and explain the credit terms.
Include some resale or sales-promotional material.
End with a confident look toward future business.

14. Routine Letters about Orders
In the first sentence say “please ship,” “please send,” “I order,”
List the items ordered and give precise details.
Include a payment plan and shipping instructions.
Close the letter with a confident expectation of delivery.

15. Favorable Response to an Order Letter
Non-routine acknowledgments require individualized letters. Although initial orders can be acknowledged through form letters, the letters are more effective if written individually.

16. Letters about Routine Requests
Routine Requests. Businesspeople often write letters requesting information about people, prices, products and services.
Make the major request in the first sentence.
Follow the major request with the details that will make the request clear. If possible, use tabulation for added emphasis.
Close with a forward look at the reader’s next step.

17. Favorable Response to a Routine Request
Favorable Response to a Routine Request. Many people say “yes” thoughtlessly 1. Shows sincere interest in the request and the person. 2. Provides specific answers and guidelines. 3. Provides additional helpful information.

18. Writing about the Unpleasant

19. Overview
Saying “No” to an Adjustment Request
Saying “No” to a Credit Request
Saying “No’ to an Order for Merchandise
Saying ‘No’ to a Request for a Favor

20. Remember
Without empathy for the audience’s feelings, it is hard to gain its cooperation or persuade it to accept tough decisions

21. The inductive sequence-of-ideas:
Begin with a neutral idea that leads to the reason for the refusal.
Present the facts, analysis, and reasons for the refusal.
State the refusal using a positive tone and de-emphasizing techniques.
Close with an idea that moves away from the refusal.

22. Introductory Paragraph Facts, Analysis and Reasons Refusal Statement
Four steps:
Introductory Paragraph
Facts, Analysis and Reasons
Refusal Statement
Closing Paragraph

23. SAYING “NO” TO AN ADJUSTMENT REQUEST
(1) begin with a neutral or factual sentence that leads to the reasons behind the “no” answer,
(2) present the reasons and explanations,
(3) present the refusal in an unemphatic manner, and
(4) close with an off-the-subject thought.

24. SAYING “NO” TO A CREDIT REQUEST
Including resale - favorable statements
(1) it might cause credit applicants to prefer our brand.
(2) it suggests that the writer is trying to be helpful;
(3) it makes the writing easier because negative thoughts are easier to de-emphasize when cushioned with resale material;
(4) It can confirm the credit applicant’s judgment in choosing the merchandise, thus making an indirect compliment.

25. SAYING “NO” TO AN ORDER FOR MERCHANDISE
Unclear Orders
The buffer has a resale emphasis
The reason for not immediately filling
The close tells how the customer can solve the problem
Back Orders
(1) you are able to send only part of the order, or
(2) you are able to send none of the order.
Substitutions

26. SAYING “NO” TO A REQUEST FOR A FAVOR
Introduces the subject without revealing whether the answer will be “yes” or “no.”
Gives reasons
Subordinates the refusal by placing it in the dependent clause of a complex sentence.
Closes on a more positive note by offering a counterproposal.

27. SPECIAL PROBLEMS - ABOUT THE UNPLEASANT
Is an inductive outline appropriate for all letters that convey bad news
a) The letter is the second response to a repeated request.
b) A very small, insignificant matter is involved.
c) A request is obviously ridiculous, immoral, unethical, illegal or dangerous.
d) The writer’s intent is to shake the reader.
e) The writer-reader relationship is so close and longstanding that satisfactory human relations can be taken for granted.
f) The writer wants to demonstrate authority.

28. Difficulties In Writing The Buffer
Avoid saying “no.”
Avoid using a know-it-all tone
Avoid wordy and irrelevant phrases and sentences.
Avoid apologizing.
Avoid writing a buffer that is too long.
Agreement, Appreciation, Cooperation, Fairness, Good news, Praise, Resale, Understanding

29. Bad-News Sentence
E.g.
The preceding figures do not justify raising your credit limit to Rs 30,000 as you requested, but they do justify raising the limit to Rs 15,000.
If the price were Rs 35,000, the contract would have been signed.
By accepting the arrangement, the ABC company would have tripled its costs.

30. Last Paragraph Don’t refer to or repeat the bad news.
Don’t apologize for the decision
Don’t urge additional communication
Don’t anticipate problems
Don’t include clichés that are insincere in view of the bad news
Don’t reveal any doubt that you will keep the person as a customer