1. PENALTY
Chapter 5

2. PENALTY CONTINGENCY
The immediate, response-contingent REMOVAL of a REINFORCER resulting in a decreased frequency of that response
BEFORE BEHAVIOR AFTER

3. Penalty Contingencies
Before
Behavior
After
Mark has all his points
Mark threatens
Mark loses 50 points
Jo has 25 cents
Jo swears
Jo loses 25 cents
Bob has 10 M&M’s
Bob raises his hand
Bob loses an M&M

4. Graph
Threats
Interventions

5. Penalty Principle
A response becomes less frequent if loss of a reinforcer or a decrease in a reinforcer has immediately followed it in the past.

6. Punishment, penalty, or escape?
Before
Behavior
After
Ed has painful rock in shoe
Ed shakes rock out of shoe
Ed has no painful rock
Jo has no dust in eyes
Jo blows on dusty surface
Jo has painful dust in eyes
Bill has $2
Bill jumps on furniture
Bill loses $1

7. What contingency? Before Behavior After Shock Lever press No shock
Food pellets
No food pellets

8. Contingency Table Stimulus, event, or condition Present Remove
Reinforcer
Reinforcement
Penalty
Aversive Condition
Punishment
Escape

9. Specific Penalty Contingencies
Response cost
Time out from positive reinforcement

10. Response-Cost Contingency
The immediate response-contingent removal of a tangible reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of the response

12. Time-out Contingency
The immediate response-contingent removal of access to a reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response.
Diagram this contingency. What do you need to know?

13. Need to Know?
The target behavior (response)
YELLING OUT

15. Response Cost vs. Time-Out
Removal of the reinforcers themselves
Loss of earned reinforcers
Lost forever
tangibles
Time-Out
Removal of access to reinforcers
Loss of opportunity to earn reinforcers
Lost temporarily
Activities

16. Time-Out
% of time
Intervention

17. Law of Effect
The effects of our actions determine whether we will repeat them.
results

18. E. L. Thorndike

19. Cats in a puzzle box
Responses made just prior to “pleasant events” are more likely to be repeated, while responses made just prior to “unpleasant” events are more likely to diminish.

20. Pleasant events
Satisfiers

21. Unpleasant events
Annoyers

22. Rolling Over the Dead Man
Not being tardy
Not eating junk food
Not speeding

23. Basic Behavioral Contingencies

24. Penalty & Reinforcement
Inappropriate Natural Reinforcement Contingency
Before:
Sam has no attention
After:
Sam has attention
Behavior:
Sam bounces ball off his mother’s head
After:
Sam can’t play with the toys
Before:
Sam can play with toys
Performance-Management Penalty Contingency

25. Review
Contingency Table

26. Contingency Table
Remove

27. Contingency Table
Stimulus, Event, or Condition
Remove

28. Contingency Table
Stimulus, Event, or Condition
Remove

29. Contingency Table Stimulus, event, or condition Reinforcer
Aversive condition
Remove
Penalty
Escape
Present
Reinforcement
Punishment

30. Contingency Table Stimulus, event, or condition Present Remove
Reinforcer
Reinforcement
Penalty
Aversive Condition
Punishment
Escape

31. Reversal Designs
An experimental design in which we reverse between intervention and baseline conditions to assess the effects of those conditions.

32. Definition of ABA Design
An experimental design in which the intervention and baseline conditions are reversed to assess the effects of those conditions B A A

33. Before
Behavior
After
Ed has painful rock in shoe
Ed shakes rock out of shoe
Ed has no painful rock
Jo has no dust in eyes
Jo blows on dusty surface
Jo has painful dust in eyes
Bill has $2
Bill jumps on furniture
Bill loses $1