1. Chapter 6: Learning

2. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response. How his theory began

3. Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus

4. Classical Conditioning Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned Response (UCR) –Conditioned Response (CR)

5. Classical Conditioning

6. UCSCS NS CR UCR Pair

7. Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical conditioning

8. Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear response

9. Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning Acquisition –Learning a response tendency Extinction –Weakening of a response tendency Spontaneous recovery –An extinguished response reappears

10. Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning Stimulus generalization –Conditioning generalizes to similar stimuli Stimulus discrimination –Response occurs only for a specific stimulus Higher-order conditioning –CS serves as a UCS for new conditioning

11. Figure 6.8 Higher-order conditioning

12. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1953) –Consequences of a behavior determine if the behavior will continue. –“Skinner box” –Shaping

13. Figure 6.9 Reinforcement in operant conditioning

14. Figure 6.10 Skinner box and cumulative recorder

15. Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning Acquisition Shaping Extinction

16. Reinforcement: Consequences that Strengthen Responses Primary Reinforcers –Satisfy biological needs Secondary Reinforcers –Conditioned reinforcement

17. Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment Increasing a response: –Positive reinforcement = Presentation of something pleasant –Negative reinforcement = Removal of something unpleasant Escape learning Avoidance learning Decreasing a response: –Punishment –Problems with punishment

18. Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment Increasing a response: –Positive reinforcement = Presentation of something pleasant –Negative reinforcement = Removal of something unpleasant Escape learning Avoidance learning

19. Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment Decreasing a response: –Punishment Presentation of something unpleasant Removal of something pleasant –Problems with punishment

20. Figure 6.14 Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement

21. Figure 6.15 Escape and avoidance learning

22. Figure 6.16 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment

23. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement Intermittent (partial) reinforcement –Ratio schedules Fixed Variable –Interval schedules Fixed Variable

24. Figure 6.13 Schedules of reinforcement and patterns of response

25. Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning Biological Constraints on Conditioning –Instinctive Drift –Conditioned Taste Aversion –Arbitrary vs. ecological conditioned stimuli Cognitive Influences on Conditioning –Latent learning –Signal relations –Response-outcome relations

26. Figure 6.19 Latent learning

27. Observational Learning Albert Bandura –Observational learning Basic processes –attention –retention –reproduction –motivation

28. Figure 6.20 Observational learning