1. THE BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH Or Everything opposed to Freud

2. JB Watson (1878-1958) ‘Father of Behaviourism’ “Give me a dozen healthy infants, I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become a doctor, lawyer, artist, beggar or thief”

3. THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT  Tabula Rasa  Environmental determinism

4. THE IMPORTANCE OF OBSERVABLE EVENTS IN RESEARCH  This approach is primarily concerned with observable behaviour (measurable behaviour)

5.  Stimulus-Response relationships.  E.g.: you burn your hand on a stove, and therefore do not touch the stove again.

6. Classical Conditioning

7. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING  This is learning through ASSOCIATION  To remember this think ASS! … clASSical conditioning … ASSociation

8. Neutral Stimulus (NS) No response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) Conditioning

9. LITTLE ALBERT  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FKZAYt77ZM  Complete the table on pg 8, explaining the process of the Classical Conditioning of Little Albert.  Include these terms:  rat, striking hammer, fear, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned response (CR),conditioned stimulus (CS), neutral stimulus (NS).

10. Work it out.... A child is afraid of spiders. One day he is in a lift and notices a spider. Now he is afraid of lifts. Neutral stimulus (NS)? Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? Unconditioned response (UCR)? Conditioned stimulus (CS)? Conditioned response(CR)?

11. And another, try this one on your own  Many years ago, as a child, Rick used to visit a dentist who thought that anaesthetic was just for sissies. The dentist had a grandfather clock in the waiting room. Years later, Rick still feels uneasy and a little anxious whenever he hears the tick of a grandfather clock.  Suggest the NS, UCS, CS, UCR and CR in this scenario.

12. Operant Conditioning

13. OPERANT CONDITIONING  Operant conditioning is learning through consequence  It focuses on reward and punishment.

14. Ratatouille Ratatouille is hungry and perform various exploratory behaviours By chance he presses the lever A pellet of food appears! I’ll do that again

15. Some definitions.... Reinforcement : Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated Positive reinforcement : Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are pleasant when they happen i.e. food for Ratatouille Negative reinforcement : Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are pleasant when they stop Punishment : Anything unpleasant which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of any behaviour which is not the desired behaviour.

16. Schedules of reinforcement  When and how often we reinforce a behaviour can have a significant impact on the strength and rate of the response. 2 types of schedules  Continuous reinforcement: the desired behaviour is reinforced every single time it occurs. Continuous reinforcement  Partial reinforcement: the response is reinforced only part of the time. Partial reinforcement  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4

17. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder How can Operant Conditioning be used to explain OCD?

18. Starter…  Many years ago, as a child, Rick used to visit a dentist who thought that anaesthetic was just for sissies. The dentist had a grandfather clock in the waiting room. Years later, Rick still feels uneasy and a little anxious whenever he hears the tick of a grandfather clock.  Suggest the UCS, CS, UCR and CR in this scenario.

19. Social learning Learning by andobservation imitation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikTxfIDYx6Q

20. Social Learning  Learning by observation … People observe the behaviour of other people (models) … They may imitate the behaviour they observe … Whether or not they do so depends on the observed consequences:  Vicarious reinforcement  Vicarious punishment

21. Vicarious…what??? Observe how behaviour is reinforced in other people

22. (Copying the behaviour of others - ‘role models’) For modelling to occur, there must be:- Attention (noticing the behaviour) Retention (remembering the behaviour) Motor Reproduction (it has to be physically possible) Motivation (there has to be a reason to want to copy the role-model)

23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU&feature=related

24. a) Aggression Rewarded (VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT) Result: Rewarded adult is MOST likely to be copied Punished adult LEAST likely to be copied b)Aggression Punished (VICARIOUS PUNISHMENT) c) Adult neither rewarded or punished (No reinforcement)

25. Bandura’s ideas could be used to explain eating disorders, obsessive compulsions and anxiety.  How?

26. Evaluation of Behavioural Approach  Over to you…  10 minutes  Read through Limitations section on page 189.  Summarise the strengths and weaknesses of the behavioural approach.  Use short sentences (bullet points)  You need to identify at least 3 weaknesses and 2 strengths. Write these in the evaluation box on pg 11 of your booklet

27. ‘Preparedness’Seligman (1971)  Evolutionary history has prepared us to be sensitive to certain stimuli, such as dangerous animals and situations.  Even today, we have not shaken this off. … E.g. Ohman et al (2000) … Participants could be conditioned to fear pictures of spiders, but they could not be conditioned to fear pictures of flowers.