1. Lars Bildsten Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics University of California Santa Barbara Insights and Challenges in Stellar Evolution

2. Though much is known about how stars evolve, we are only just beginning to probe rotation, interior states and hydrodynamics in a meaningful way. Most of the observational progress is from the asteroseismic data from the Kepler and CoRoT satellites, while theoretical progress is driven by people and new computational tools. Matteo Cantiello (KITP), Joergen Christensen- Dalsgaard (Aarhus Univ.), Jim Fuller (Caltech/KITP), Phil Macias (UCSB=>UCSC), Chris Mankovich (UCSB=>UCSC), Kevin Moore (UCSB=>UCSC), Bill Paxton (KITP), Dennis Stello (U. Sydney) & Rich Townsend (U. Wisconsin)

3. After the Main Sequence: Red Giant Branch and Clump Stars M lifting degeneracy => stable He burning in core (Thomas 1967). Is this true? ? Paxton et al. ‘11 Clump stars

4. Space-Based Photometry 27 cm diameter Launched December 2006 CoRoTKepler 95 cm diameter Launched March 2009

5. Non-Radial Stellar Oscillations P-modes (acoustic waves): In the high wavenumber limit=> Evenly spaced in Frequency (in Envelope!) G-modes (gravity waves): In the high wavenumber limit=> Evenly spaced in Period (in Core!)

6. Only Acoustic Waves seen in the Sun Christensen-Dalsgaard

7. Acoustic Waves (p-modes) in Giants Persistent convection in the outer parts of the giant excites standing acoustic waves (i.e. modes with n radial nodes for each l) The pulsation amplitudes were estimated (e.g. Christensen-Dalsgaard; Kjeldsen & Bedding ‘05) based on earlier solar work (c.f. Goldreich & Keeley ’77), but ground based tests were a challenge... as amplitudes were low... =>Measures mean density

8. CoRoT finds p-modes !

9. Kepler Observations Bedding et al. ‘10 (Kepler) Kepler

10. Bedding et al. ‘10 (Kepler) Large frequency spacing is well measured and collapsing these allows for identification of l=0, 1, 2 and often l=3 acoustic modes These give mean density measurements straight away! n~10-15... WKB nearly valid

11. Highest Observed Frequency Huber et al. 2011 Highest observed frequency is at the acoustic cutoff of the photosphere. Higher frequency waves have large damping due to wave escape Combined with frequency spacing, M and R inferred! However, internal state not probed...

12. Degenerate Core => Burning Core Time spent on the Red Giant Branch (RGB) at L>30L  is comparable to that spent on the Red Clump. Hard to distinguish a clump star from an RGB star in the field, but let’s see what seismology can do.. Bildsten et al. ‘12

13. Propagation Diagrams and Mixed Modes Scuflaire ’74; Osaki ’75 and Aizenman et al. ’77 noted that the acoustic waves couple to the non-radial g-modes, which are uniformly spaced in period at: Coupling is strongest for l=1, and many g-modes exist between each successive acoustic mode

14. Burning vs. Degenerate Cores RGB Clump

15. Internal Gravity Waves in the Stellar Core then Detected A=p-dominated mode (n p,n g =8, 476) B=g-dominated mode (n p,n g =7, 505) The g-mode spectrum is very dense in the core, but the modes couple to the envelope well enough to emerge and be detected as oscillations evenly spaced in period. Very stable and long-lived CLOCK! Star near the RGB bump.

16. Mosser et al. 2011 Bedding et al. 2011 Distinction of stars on the Red Giant branch from those doing He burning in the core (clump stars)!! Discovered now in nearly all RGB stars (Stello et al. 2013) Luminosity

17. Q: How does the Electron Degenerate Helium Core Transition to the Burning State in a M<2 M  Star? A: Through a series of thermonuclear instabilities over a 2 million year period (Thomas 1967) that is often overlooked in the literature and never yet tested...

18. MESA is open source: anyone (over 700 users!) can download the source code, compile it, and run it for their own research or education purposes. Bill Paxton, Father of MESA

19. Macias et al. 2013 Temperature Evolution of First Flash H Burning Layer Macias et al. 2014

20. Outer Envelope Undergoes Kelvin Helmholtz Contraction The radial expansion leads to adiabatic T decline in the H burning layer, shutting it off. Leads to rapid KH contraction of the giant to the clump. Macias et al. 2014

21. Core Flash Sequence from MESA Bildsten et al. ‘12

22. Propagation Diagrams Bildsten et al. ‘12 Contraction leads to outer envelope profiles during the flash nearly identical to the red clump Coupling to core modes during the flash will be as strong as on clump. Core is in an intermediate state => g-modes dif’t Bildsten et al. ‘12 Relic Layer

23. Repercussions The period of successive flashes is 2 million years, the thermal time through the core. Implies that one in ~50 stars near the clump should be in an unusual state with a core structure intermediate to the two states.. ~5000 giants studied by Kepler, so many examples expected... Clear IDs starting to emerge.. Bildsten et al. ‘12

24. f=possible flashers Mosser et al. 2014

25. Solar Model “Trivially” Evolved Courtesy C. Mankovich Rotation rate in the core can impact the later evolution of the star, especially for massive stars Certainly sets rotation for the He burning core and eventually the white dwarf See also Tayar & Pinsonneault ‘13

26. RGB Power Spectrum: Rotation! Beck et al. ‘12 Stello et al. 2013 G G G P

27. Inferred Core Rotation Mosser et al. 2012

28. Core loses 95% of its Angular Momentum after Leaving MS

29. Calculations with Magnetic Dynamos Still not enough angular momentum loss from the shrinking core! Cantiello et al. ‘14,

30. Conclusions New astronomical tools are revealing the interiors of stars in ways previously impossible. Rotation can now be explored, an important player in how stars finally collapse. Theory remains key in at least three ways: –Reliable physical modeling (MESA+GYRE) needed to fully interpret the data –Novel analytics and mechanisms (Cantiello et al. 2014; Fuller et al. 2014) to transport J –Suggestions of new ways to look at the data to reveal rare physical states (e.g. core flash)