1. Social Movements 1820’s-1840’s

2. Waves of religious excitement separated by long periods of religious calm
1740s: FIRST GREAT AWAKENING
;s: SECOND GREAT AWAKENING
Enthusiasm; controversy; religious experiment.
Christian Perfectionism
Belief that salvation can lead to a sinless life: “heaven on earth”
Millennialism
Christ’s return to earth will begin a thousand year reign
2nd Great Awakening

3. Religion began to influence other ideals such as freedom from cruelty of war, discrimination, intoxicated drinking, and slavery
Idealistic religion on a utopian socialism, moral reform, and other ideas came to Christianity
2nd Great Awakening

4. UNITARIANS Are people free to re-invent Religion?
William Ellery Channing developed concept of Unitarian Faith
Ralph Waldo Emerson became a Unitarian
UNITARIANISM:
Rejects “Trinity” (insists on “Unitary” God)
Rejects Jesus’ “divinity”
Rejects Centrality of Jesus’ Crucifixion & Resurrection
Belief was in free will and possibility of salvation through good works
Insists on right of individual to mold his or her own religion
UNITARIANS

5. Divisiveness Caused by the Second Great Awakening
Second Great Awakening widened lines between class and region
Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians --> Wealthy classes and better-educated
Big Boundary between Northern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists; and Southern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists.
This split between North and Southern Faith and ideals in religion was considered the first sign of splitting. Later followed by a split in politics and the Union.
Protestants encouraged increase in educational learning and also importance of education in every household
Most importantly led to a moral reform movements, especially in the North
Divisiveness Caused by the Second Great Awakening

6. Transcendentalists Who were they? What did they believe?
Intellectuals
Primarily from New England
Middle class
What did they believe?
Individualism
Self-reliance
Dissent
Non-conformity
“transcend” to the ideal world of reality
Anti-industrialism
Prominent Transcendentalists
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Walt Whitman
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Edgar Allen Poe
Emily Dickenson
Margaret Fuller
Transcendentalists

7. Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson
“behind the concrete world we can transcend to the ideal world of reality”
Transcendentalists

8. Transcendentalists Henry David Thoreau Live life simply
Chronicled his experiences in Walden
Transcendentalists

9. Transcendentalists The poets
Walt Whitman
Edgar Allen Poe
Emily Dickinson
Transcendentalists The poets

10. Transcendentalists The novelists
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Transcendentalists The novelists

11. Transcendentalists Margaret Fuller
Believed in transcendentalism for all
Early advocate for women’s rights
Transcendentalists

12. UTOPIANS Who were they? What did they believe?
Transcendentalists looking for the perfect society
What did they believe?
Communal societies
Each person contributes
Agricultural communities
Resources went to the group
Generally religious in nature
Education was important
Wanted to live life their way
Some of the most prominent utopias
Brook Farm, Massachusetts
Oneida, New York
Also included some religious groups
Shakers
Mormons
UTOPIANS

13. Oneida Complex

15. Oneida Community

16. George Ripley’s Transcendentalist Commune

17. Shaker Beliefs and Practices from Mother Ann Lee
Pacificism
Celibacy
Work
Dance
Song
Collective Ownership
Shaker Beliefs and Practices from Mother Ann Lee

18. Mother Ann Lee

19. Shaker Communities

20. 1830- Joseph Smith, a visionary, reported an encounter with an angel
Deciphered the Book of Mormon from golden plates given to him
Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Had leaders that were dedicated to free enterprise
Voted as a unit and produced their own militia
Moved from New York to Ohio
Intended to build “Zion” in western Missouri
Expelled from Missouri to Nauvoo, Illinois
Joseph Smith arrested; executed by mob
Brigham Young becomes the leader
Polygamy became a problem for the LDS
Movement to Utah - use of irrigation system in desert of Utah
Mormonism

21. Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
Mormon leaders

22. Great Mormon Trek Zion in the Wilderness
Petitioned for territory of “Deseret”
Granted Utah Territory
Had to renounce polygamy to earn statehood
Successful due to unity and leadership
Great Mormon Trek

23. Millerites Named after William Miller, self-taught Bible Scholar
Interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1843.
Called the “Great Disappointment”
The failure of Jesus to descend on schedule dampened but did not destroy the movement.
Determined the event happened in heaven not on earth
Seventh Day Adventists
Millerites

26. Women’s Movement Women pursued rights for themselves and others Issues
Property ownership
Custodial rights
Marriage/Divorce rights
Legal rights in court
Suffrage
Other issues
Treatment of the less fortunate
Temperance
Slavery
Women’s Movement

27. Dorothea Dix

28. The seneca falls convention

29. The seneca falls convention
Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York
Advocated equality in
Family
Education
Jobs
Religion
Morals
Issued a “Declaration of Sentiments” (modeled after the Declaration of Independence)
The seneca falls convention

30. SUSAN B. ANTHONY Advocated Women’s suffrage Temperance
Abolition of slavery
SUSAN B. ANTHONY

31. Temperance Social movement against the use of alcohol
American Temperance Society formed in 1826
Felt it violated religion and morality
Was almost exclusively a Protestant issue (not Catholic)
Temperance

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38. Dehumanization of industrialism vs. utopian ideals

39. How are women’s roles changing and how does it impact society?