1. Efficient Resource Management for Cloud Computing Environments Andrew J. Younge, Gregor von Laszewski, Lizhe Wang, Sonia Lopez-Alarcon, Warren Carithers presented by Bryan Rosander

2. Utility Computing Long been a vision Grid computing failed to really catch on Technology advances as well as a viable business model have helped Cloud Computing catch on Cloud Computing allows for fuller utilization of hardware Energy consumption is turning into a major issue

3. Is the Cloud Green? 2005 - o 0.5% of total world energy usage and 1.2% of U.S. energy usage come from data centers o World usage expected to quadruple by 2020, U.S. usage doubling every 5 years More recent articles conflicting o Some suggest growth is slowing/has been slower (Reuters, Koomey) o Some suggest it is still increasing (Networkworld)

4. Green Computing In the past 15-20 years of supercomputers o performance has doubled > 3000 times o performance per watt has doubled 300 times o performance per square foot has doubled 65 times

5. Scaling Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) o Intel SpeedStep o AMD PowerNow! Started in laptops and mobile devices Now used in servers

6. Green Cloud Framework

7. Green Cloud Framework (cont.) Goal is to maximize performance per watt in a Cloud o VM Scheduling o VM Image Management o Data Center Design Scheduling o Placement within cloud infrastructure o Energy use of server equipment, datacenter temperature important Image Management o Small Size o Few unnecessary proce sses/services o Migration o Dynamic Shutdown Data Center Design o More efficient A/C, power supplies o Hot and cold aisles o Utilizing external cooling

8. Virtual Machine Scheduling Thermal-Aware o Minimize overall temperature o Reduces energy used for cooling Power-Aware o Minimize total power used by servers o Power to servers is the larger cost

10. Virtual Machine Management Can dynamically shutdown and start up machines as needed o Similar to Condor Glide-In (dynamically adds and removes machines from the resource pool) Live migration can move virtual machines from lightly loaded to medium load servers o Can be used on machines idle during scheduling

11. Virtual Machine Image Operating systems are designed to run on diverse hardware o Not the case in the cloud o Normal for Linux to spend 15 seconds in modprobe o Reducing delay times, disabling modules can cut this down significantly Graphical User Interfaces o Generally not necessary for cloud machines o Increase boot time o Increase size of image significantly Boot order profile o Balance CPU utilization, I/O throughout entire boot o bootchart Readahead

12. Power Consumption Analysis OpenNebula o open source distributed virtual machine manager o scheduler provides policies for virtual machine placement o Figure illustrates the CPU power savings (assuming CPU bound tasks)

13. Virtual Machine Image Analysis Prototype Linux image created based on Ubuntu Linux 9.04 All unnecessary and desktop-oriented packages removed Image went from 4Gb to 636Mb Removed many daemons, processes, and libraries Utilized readahead to condense I/O into one burst Boot time went from 38 seconds to 8 seconds

14. Conclusion Power savings within the Cloud are an increasingly important area to focus on Power-Aware scheduling can help increase utilization, synergizes well with dynamic shutdown and startup Virtual Machine Image optimization can lead to gains on several fronts o Faster startup/shutdown increases effectiveness of dynamic startup/shutdown o Smaller images are easier to migrate, require less network traffic o Less wasted resources for the user

15. Resources 1.Koomey, Jonathan - My new study of data center electricity use in 2010. http://www.koomey.com/post/8323374335http://www.koomey.com/post/8323374335 2.NetworkWorld - Report: Global data center energy use will rise nearly 20% next year. Chris Nerney. http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/nsm/2011 /092611nsm2.htmlhttp://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/nsm/2011 /092611nsm2.html 3.Reuters - Data Center Power Use Drops as Green IT, Recession Take Effect. Iain Thompson. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/02/idUS2 75708584920110802http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/02/idUS2 75708584920110802