1. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 2 Body Structure, Color, and Oncology

2. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 OBJECTIVES Identify anatomic structures of the human body Define and spell the word parts Build and analyze medical terms using word parts Define, pronounce, and spell medical terms related to body structure, color, and oncology Interpret the meanings of the abbreviations Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them

3. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Organization of the Human Body cell: basic unit of all life tissue: similar cells that perform a specific task organ: two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions system: a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions

4. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Organization of the Body

5. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Body Cells The human body is composed of trillions of cells of various sizes and shapes cell membrane: boundary of a cell cytoplasm: makes up the body of a cell nucleus: structure in center containing chromosomes

6. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Body Cell

7. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Types of Tissue muscle tissue: produces movement nervous tissue: conducts impulses to and from the brain connective tissue: connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures epithelial tissue: found in the skin and lining of the blood vessels

8. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Types of Tissues

9. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Organization of the Human Body (cont’d) chromosomes: 46 in human cells except for mature sex cell, which has 23 genes: regions within the chromosome (determine hereditary characteristics) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each gene is composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates the activities of the cell

10. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Body Cavities cranial: brain spinal: spinal cord thoracic: heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi abdominal: stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters pelvic: urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of large intestine, rectum

11. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Body Cavities

12. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Combining Forms for Body Structure aden/o cyt/o epitheli/o fibr/o hist/o kary/o lip/o my/o neur/o organ/o sarc/o system/o viscer/o

13. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure Terms cancer/o, carcin/o eti/o gno/o iatr/o lei/o onc/o path/o rabd/o somat/o

14. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Combining Forms for Colors chlor/o chrom/o cyan/o erythr/o leuk/o melan/o xanth/o

15. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Prefixes dia- dys- hyper- hypo- meta- neo- pro-

16. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Suffixes -al, -ic, -ous -cyte -gen -genesis -genic -logist -logy -oid -oma -osis -pathy -plasia -plasm -sarcoma -sis -stasis

17. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Suffixes Containing “gen” -gen: substance that produces or causes Example: carcino/gen: substance that causes cancer -genic: producing, originating, causing Example: cyt/o/genic producing cells -genesis: origin, cause Example: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors

18. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Oncology Terms Built from Word Parts carcinoma fibroma liposarcoma melanocarcinoma myoma melanoma rhabdomyosarcoma sarcoma

19. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Analyzing Terms Which Appear to Be Built From a Prefix and Suffix “neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.

20. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Pronunciation Guide The following is a simple guide to use for practicing pronunciation of the medical terms. The pronunciations are only approximate; however, they are adequate to meet the needs of the beginning student In respelling for pronunciation, words are minimally distorted to indicate phonetic sound Example: doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik)

21. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) Diacritical marks are used over vowels to indicate pronunciation. The macron ( ― ) is used to indicate the long vowel sounds. Example: donate (dō-nāte) hepatoma (hep-a-tō-ma) ā as in ate, say ē as in eat, beet, see ī as in i, mine, sky ō as in oats, so ū as in unit, mute

22. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) Vowels with no markings have the short sound. Example: discuss (dis-kus) medical (med-i-kal) a as in at, lad e as in edge, bet i as in itch, wish o as in ox, top u as in sun, come

23. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) An accent mark is the stress on a certain syllable. The primary accent is indicated by capital letters, and the secondary accent (which is stressed, but not as strongly as the primary accent) is indicated by italics. Example: altogether (all-tū-GETH-er) pancreatitis (pan-krē-a-TĪ-tis)

24. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Oncology Terms Not Built from Word Parts benign malignant remission in vitro in vivo encapsulated cancer in situ

25. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts cancerous carcinogen carcinogenic cyanosis cytogenic cytoplasm erythrocyte

26. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) erythrocytosis etiology histology hyperplasia hypoplasia karyocyte leukocyte leukocytosis

27. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Blood Cells 1, (red) / cv / (cell[s]) 2, (white) / cv / (cell[s])

28. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) myopathy neopathy neuroid oncogenic oncologist pathology somatic xanthosis

29. Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Abbreviations Ca chemo Dx mets Px RBC RXT WBC