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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Body Structure, Color, and Oncology
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The Cell Consider the cell to be like a human egg- the cell membrane is the shell The cytoplasm is the thin membrane inside the shell The nucleus is the egg white In the egg white we have a yolk- the chromosome, genes and DNA in this case. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-2
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LEGOS Each cell is like a Lego. When we combine the Legos we create tissues. All the blue Legos create muscle tissues, the yellow create nervous tissues, red Legos are connective tissues and the black Legos are epithelial tissues. When we stack the different colored Legos together we create organs. The skin is composed of all four types of tissues. SKIN= Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-3
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Legos Now that we have created organs with the Legos, we can now combine these organs to create systems. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-4
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Body Cavities When you think of the Dorsal cavity= think of the dorsal fin on a fish The ventral cavity= think of someone with a set of six pack abs and how it looks like the slats of a vent Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-5
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-6 Combining Forms of Body Structure aden/o= adenoids- resemble a gland cyt/o= cell, -cyte also means cell epitheli/o = epithelium-skin fibr/o= fiber my/o= “my o my, my muscles hurt” neur/o = Neurology is the study of the nerves hist/o = the history of tissue kary/o= the nucleus “karyies” the DNA
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lip/o = “liposuction” sucks the fat out organ/o = organs sarc/o = connective tissue, flesh system/o = system viscer/o= internal organs – the horror movie showed eviscerated organs Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-7
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-8 Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure Terms cancer/o, carcin/o eti/o = etiology- what caused it gno/o= knowledge “I now ‘gno’(know)” iatr/o= iatric anemia- anemia caused by medicine or the physician onc/o= oncology – study of tumors/mass path/o = remember we had”-pathy” for disease as well rhabd/o = the “rh, bd” look like they have rods in them- striated and rod like
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Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure Terms lei/o = a lei of flowers- lays smooth across your shoulders somat/o = body Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-9
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-10 Combining Forms for Colors chlor/o – chlorophyll makes plants green chrom/o- shiny chrome makes the color stand out cyan/o- blue- cyanosis happens with lack of oxygen erythr/o – the wreath is red leuk/o – Luke Skywalker wore a white robe melan/o – Black- the melon turns black xanth/o – yellow- look at the X and think of a yellow crossing sign
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-11 Prefixes dia- = diarrhea = a rapid flow through dys- = “dys” (this) is painful, abnormal hyper- = excessive “hyperactive child” hypo- = below or incomplete meta- = after, beyond, change neo- = new pro- =before, we also used pre-
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-12 Suffixes -al, -ic, -ous= pert. to -cyte = cell -gen= “generate” substance that produces -genic= add the “ic” and it becomes an action= producing -oma = tumor, swelling -pathy = disease -stasis= control, stop, standing- ”stay the same” -oid= resembling
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Suffixes -logy – study of- now change the ending, add “ist” and it becomes an action -logist= spelicalist who treats or studies -plasia – condition, formation -plasm – make it an action-drop “ia” add “m”= growth, substance… -osis = abnormal condition -sis – state of * be careful with these two Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-13
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Suffixes -sarcoma Notice that sarcoma contains sarc/oma. Because it has a hyphen in front we know there is another word ahead of it. This means it will remain sarcoma (malignant tumor). Without the hyphen we have sarc/oma Sarc= flesh, connective tissue, -oma= tumor swelling. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-14
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-15 Compare and Contrast Word Root cyt/o path/o sarc/o Suffix -cyte -pathy -sarcoma
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-16 Suffixes Containing “gen” -gen: substance that produces or causes Example: carcin/o/gen: substance that causes cancer -genic: producing, originating, causing Example: cyt/o/genic: producing cells -genesis: origin, cause Example: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors Just by changing the last few letters we give the term action
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-17 Oncology Terms Built from Word Parts Adenocarcinoma= aden/o/carcin/oma= tumor of glandular tissue Fibrosarcoma= fibr/o/sarcoma- malignant tumor of fibrous tissue Lipoma = lip/oma= tumor composed of fat Melanocarcinoma = melan/o/carcin/oma= cancerous black tumor Neoplasm = neo/plasm= new growth Rhabdomyosarcoma=rha bd/o/my/o/sarcoma= malignant tumor of striated muscle
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-18 Analyzing Terms that Appear to Be Built from a Prefix and Suffix “Neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-19 Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts Cytogenic = cyt/o/genic= originating in the cell Cytology= cyt/o/logy= study of cells Cytoplasm= cyt/o/plasm = cell substance Cytoid = cyt/oid= resembling a cell Erythrocyte = erythr/o/cyte = red cell Erythrocytosis = erythr/o/cyt/osis = increase in the number of red blood cells Leukocyte = leuk/o/cyte= white cell Leukocytosis= leuk/o/cyt/osis= increased in number of white cells
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-20 Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts Cancer/ous= pert. to cancer Carcin/o/gen= substance that causes cancer Cyan/osis= abn. Cond of blue Dia/gno/sis = state of thorough knowledge Pro/gno/sis= state of before knowledge Eti/o/logy= study of cause Iatr/o/genic= produced by medicine Onc/ol/ogist= specialist of tumors/swelling Onc/ol/ogy= study of tumors/swelling Path/o/genic= produced by disease Path/o/logist= specialist treats or studies disease Path/ol/ogy= study of disease Xanth/o/chromi/c = pert to yellow color
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-21 Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts Benign = is your best friend, this is the good cancer carcinoma in situ – “in cased” has not invaded exacerbation = increase in severity idiopathic = disease, unknown where it came from Inflammation= swelling, heat, pain in vitro = happens in a dish in vivo = happens inside the body Malignant = this is the “mean” cancer that kills radiation therapy = use of radiation to treat cancer Remission = a brief period without symptoms
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-22 Table 2-2 Common Plural Endings Singular Endings Plurals Formation Singular Form Plural Form -a -ae vertebra vertebrae -ax -aces thorax thoraces -is -es testis testes -ix -ices appendix appendices -ma -mata carcinoma carcinomata -on -a ganglion ganglia -sis -ses metastasis metastases -um -a ovum ova -us -i fungus fungi -nx -nges larynx larynges -y -ies biopsy biopsies Page 53
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-23 Abbreviations Ca chemo Dx mets Px RBC XRT WBC
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-24 Read Medical Terms A 54-year-old woman presented to the office with a 3- week history of bloody diarrhea. She had been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at age 25 years. She was referred for a colonoscopy. The examination revealed a suspicious lesion in the transverse colon. A biopsy was performed and a cytology specimen was obtained. The pathologist made a diagnosis of carcinoma of the colon. Advanced dysplasia and inflammation existed in the specimen. The patient underwent surgery and was found to have no evidence of metastasis. Her entire colon was removed because of a high risk for developing a malignant lesion in the remaining colon. She made an uneventful recovery and was referred to an oncologist for consideration of chemotherapy. Her prognosis is generally positive. Radiation therapy is not indicated in this case.
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Directional Terms, Anatomical Planes, Regions, and Quadrants
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-26 Purpose of Directional Terms, Anatomic Planes, Abdominopelvic Regions, and Quadrants directional terms: used to describe the relative position of one part of the body to another anatomic planes: used to describe the location of internal organs and structures abdominopelvic regions: used to locate an anatomical position to describe pain, incisions, markings, and so on
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-27 Anatomic Position Body is viewed as erect, arms at the side with palms of the hands facing forward, and feet placed side by side. Whether the patient is standing or lying down face up, the directional terms are the same.
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-28 Prefixes and Suffixes Prefixes bi- = two or life uni- = one Suffixes -ad = toward “add toward” -ior = pertaining to
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Directional Terms Anter/o = front, head to toe Ventr/o = belly (front) Caud/o= tail, downward Infer/o = below Dist/o= at a distance, “away” from Later/o = side, wave see you later Poster/o = back, behind- head to toe Dors/o = back Cephal/o = head “halo” Super/o = above, superior Proxim/o= near, proximal Medi/o = middle Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.2-29
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-30 Directional Terms caudad cephalad lateral medial unilateral bilateral distal proximal
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-31 Directional Terms (cont’d.) inferior superior caudal cephalic anterior posterior dorsal ventral anteroposterior (AP) posteroanterior (PA)
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-32 Anatomic Planes frontal or coronal: vertical field passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions midsagittal: vertical field running through the body from front to back; divides body into right and left halves sagittal: vertical field running through the body from front to back—divides body into uneven right and left halves transverse: horizontal field dividing the body into upper and lower portions
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Anatomic Planes (cont’d.) Transverse – the rain goes across the horizon Sagittal = Rt & Lt, Midsagittal is equal Rt & Lt Frontal/ coronal = our corneas look front Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-33
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Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d.) Hypochondriac = hypo/ chondr/iac= pert to. Below the diaphragm Epigastric= epi/gastr/ic= pert. to above the stomach Lumbar- think of the lumbar support in your car Umbilical – umbilical cord Hypogastric- hypo/gastr/iac= pert. to below the stomach Iliac- are our hip bones Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-34
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants (cont’d.) With the quadrants also provide the direction first – Rt. or Lt., then upper or lower and then quadrant RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-35
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-36 Abbreviations ant AP inf lat LLQ LUQ med PA RLQ RUQ sup
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Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.3-37 Medical Document The patient presented to her physician with pain in the right lumbar region and right unilateral leg pain. The pain was felt in the posterior portion of the leg and radiated to the distal lateral portion of the extremity. There was some proximal muscle weakness reported of the affected leg. A lumbar spine radiograph was normal. If the pain does not respond to antiinflammatory medication, she will be referred to an orthopedist.
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