1. The Blood

2. Functions of Blood Transportation
O2, nutrients, waste, hormones, heat
Regulation—maintain homeostasis of body fluids
Regulate pH, body temperature, maintain fluid volume
Protection
Clotting prevents loss of fluids
White blood cells protect against disease
Blood proteins protect against disease

3. Physical characteristics and volume
Salty and metallic tasting
More dense than water
Slightly alkaline, pH between 7.35 and 7.45
Temperature ~ 38o C or 100.4o F
Makes up 8% of body weight
Volume in adult males is 5-6 L and in females 4-5 L
Only fluid tissue in the body

4. Blood components Blood plasma 55% Formed elements 45%
RBCs—measurement is hematocrit 14% + 5%
Leukocytes and platelets

6. Blood plasma
Includes over 100 different dissolved solutes

7. Formed Elements

8. Hematopoiesis
Occurs in the red bone marrow from hemocytoblast/ hematopoietic stem cell
Specialization based on receptors that respond to …hormones

9. Erythrocyte structure
Flexible structure, large surface area
Lack a nucleus and other organelles.
33% of weight is hemoglobin molecules.
Other proteins include antioxidants and those to maintain RBC shape (spectrin)

10. Erythrocyte function
Dedicated to carry respiratory gas

11. Regulation of RBCs
Erythropoietin (EOP) glycoprotein hormone produced by kidneys to liver

12. Dietary needs to produce RBCs
Iron, AAs, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Iron is absorbed from the diet
65% found in hemoglobin
The rest stored in liver, spleen and bone marrow
Iron is toxic and requires transferrin as a transporter
Some iron is lost in feces and menstrual blood
Vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary for DNA synthesis

13. Fate and death of RBCs RBCs have a lifespan of 100 to 120 days
Age makes them less flexible and the hemoglobin begins to degenerate.
Old RBCs get trapped in the small capillaries of the spleen
Macrophages destroy and digest RBCs
Heme and globin are separated
Globin broken down into a.a.s
Heme bilirubinurobilinogenstercobilin
Bloodliverintestineanus

15. Erythrocyte Imbalances
Anemia  reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood
Insufficient number of RBCs:
Hemorrhagic - due to blood loss associated with an injury, undiagnosed bleeding ulcer, etc.
Hemolytic - due to blood loss due to transfusion reactions & certain bacterial and parasite infections
Aplastic - due to destruction or inhibition of red marrow by drugs, ionizing radiation or certain bacterial toxins.

16. Erythrocyte Imbalances
Anemia  reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood
Low hemoglobin content:
Iron Deficiency - inadequate intake or absorption of iron, forms microcytes.
Pernicious - dietary deficiency of Vitamin B12 or inadequate production of intrinsic factor for absorption of Vitamin B12 , forms macrocytes

17. Erythrocyte Imbalances
Anemia  reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood
Abnormal Hemoglobin in RBCs
Thalassemias- one globin chain is absent/faulty
Polycythemia-excess of erythrocytes increasing blood viscosity

18. Erythrocyte Imbalances
Polycythemia - abnormally high number of RBCs ( million/mm3). Increases blood viscosity & blood pressure.
most often the result of bone marrow cancer.
Lecuopenia - abnormally low number of WBCs (less than 5,000/mm3).
drugs, steroids & anti-cancer agents.

19. Leukocytes Structure WBCs have a nucleus and other organelles.
WBCs can undergo diapedesis using amoeboid motion when in the tissues
Use chemical chemotaxis to follow trail to infection or damaged tissue.

20. Granular leukocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
multilobed nucleus, inconspicuous granules
Phagocytize bacteria & some fungi
Produced in bone marrow by myeloblasts
Eosinophils
bilobed nucleus, red granules
Destroy parasitic worms & immune complexes
Basophils
lobed nucleus, purple-black granules
Cause vasodilation by release of histamines

21. Agranular leukocytes Lymphocyte Monocytes
B lymphocytes - Humoral Immunity (antibodies)
T lymphocytes - Cellular Immunity
Produced in lymphatic tissues
Monocytes
Differentiate into macrophages in tissues.
Provide defense against viruses & intracellular bacteria in chronic infections.
Produced by monoblasts in lymphatic tissues.

22. Production of leukocytes
Leukopoiesis is stimulated by interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into several types of cells.
Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cell

24. Leukocyte Imbalances Leukopenia—low WBC count
Leukemia—unchecked growth of a single unspecialized clone. Abnormally high numbers of immature WBCs that are mitotic & unspecialized
Acute leukemia occurs if it derives from blast-type cells
Chronic leukemia occurs if it derives from later stages
Bone marrow is compromised and defense system becomes nonfunctional
Infectious mononucleosis derives from excessive numbers of agranulocytes (Epstein-Barr virus)

25. Platelets
Under the influence of thrombopoietin, myeloid stem cells develop into megakaryocytes (huge cells).
These cells fragment into 2-3K particles.
They have a very short life of 5- 9 days.

26. Hemostasis
Damaged blood vessels require a rapid, localized and controlled hemostatic response to reduce blood loss.
Vascular spasm/constriction
Platelet plug formation
Blood clotting/ coagulation

27. Platelet plug formation: platelet adhesion

28. Platelet plug formation: platelet release action

29. Platelet plug formation: platelet aggregation

31. Stages of clotting
Extrinsic (s) and intrinsic (min) pthwys make prothrombinase.
Prothrombinase & Ca2+ Catalyze prothrombin  thrombin
Thrombin & Ca2+ converts soluble fibrinogen insoluble fibrin (thread of the clot)
Thrombin activates factor XIII which stabilizes & strengthens threads

32. Hemostasis Animation

33. Thromboemolitic Disorders
Thrombus clot in an unbroken vessel
Ebolus an abnormal object moving through a blood vessel, Clot, air bubble, lipid droplet, thrombus, etc.
Disorders
Embolisms (pulmonary, cerebral, cardiac)
Artherosclerosis
Inflammation
Treatment
Aspirin
Heparin
Warfarin

34. Bleeding disorders Thrombocytopenia—low platelet levels
Impaired liver function
Vitamin K
Hemophilia
Deficiency of factor VIII (antihemophilic factor)
Deficiency of factor IX
Lack of factor XI

35. ABO blood typing Based on two glycolipid antigens, A and B.
Blood has agglutinogens (antibodies) that react to A or B antigens.

36. Blood groups and blood types

38. Rh blood groups
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN)

39. Transfusion reactions
Agglutination clogs blood capillaries
Clumped cells will rupture and be phagocytized by macrophages
Hemoglobin is released into the blood
Oxygen carrying is disrupted
Blood flow is impaired
Hemoglobin passing into kidney tubules causes cell death and renal shutdown

40. Diagnostic blood tests
Lipidemia is characteristic of those with heart disease
Erythrocyte morphology can detect anemias
Differential white blood cell count
High eosinophil indicates allergies or parasitic infection
Platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
SMAC is blood chemistry profile
CBC provides information on the formed elements

41. Resources Heart Anatomy Tutorial: Hematopoiesis Overview:
BodySmart Blood & Bloodcells