1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 5 The Skeletal System

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skeletal System  Parts of the skeletal system  Bones (skeleton)‏  Joints  Cartilages  Ligaments  Two subdivisions of the skeleton  Axial skeleton – bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body (trunk of body)  Appendicular skeleton– bones of limbs & girdles

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5 Functions of Bones 1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Storage 5. Blood cell formation

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  The adult skeleton has 206 bones  Two basic forms of bone tissue  Compact bone  Dense & Homogeneous  Spongy bone  Small needle-like pieces of bone  Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  Long bones  Typically longer than they are wide  Have a shaft with heads at both ends  Contain mostly compact bone  Example :  Femur  Humerus

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1a

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  Short bones  Generally cube-shape  Contain mostly spongy bone  Bones of wrist & ankle (Sesamoid bones)  Example :  Carpals  Tarsals  Patella

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1b

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  Flat bones  Thin, flattened, and usually curved  Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone  Example :  Skull  Ribs  Sternum

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1c

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  Irregular bones  Irregular shape  Do not fit into other bone classification categories  Example :  Vertebrae  Hip bones

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 5.1d

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Diaphysis  Shaft  Composed of compact bone  Makes up most of the bones length  Covered and protected by periosteum  Epiphysis  Ends of the long bone  Composed mostly of spongy bone

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Periosteum  Outside covering of the diaphysis  Fibrous connective tissue membrane  Sharpey’s fibers  Secure periosteum to underlying bone  Arteries  Supply bone cells with nutrients

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2c

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Articular cartilage  Covers the external surface of the epiphyses  Made of hyaline cartilage  Decreases friction at joint surfaces

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Epiphyseal plate  Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone  Epiphyseal line  Remnant of the epiphyseal plate  Seen in adult bones

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone  Medullary cavity  Cavity inside of the shaft  Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults  Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of a Long Bone Figure 5.2a

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Bone Cells  Osteocytes—mature bone cells– are osteoblasts that have been surrounded by a matrix 1. These cells are found within a chamber called Lacunae 2. Responsible for maintaining the mineral content of the bone.  Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts—bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone  Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Growth (Ossification)‏-- overview  Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood  New cartilage is continuously formed  Older cartilage becomes ossified  Cartilage is broken down  Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity  Bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone development & Growth  Occurs in two ways A.Intramembranous Bones – form from membranelike conncective tissues that are found in the location of future bones ex: Flat bones of the skull (soft spots) 1.Connective tissue form osteoblasts which deposits a matrix around them to form haversian systems. 2.Those cells on the outer membranous tissue form the periosteum 3.Those cells on the inner membranous tissue for the spongy bone

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone development & Growth B. Endochondral Bones – are developed from masses of hyaline cartilage that is later replaced by bone Process: 1.Hyaline cartilage cells shaped like the bone divides rapidly 2.Catilage breaks down and disappears as the periosteum forms from the cells that encircles the diaphysis 3.Osteoblasts forms spongy bone and bone tissue develops from this diaphysis region to the ends (Primary Ossification Center) 4.Compact bone forms around this primary ossification site and the epiphyses remain cartilage 5.The epiphyses are the location of the secondary ossification site which forms bone in all directions at an area called epiphyseal disk

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endochondral Bones (Continued) 6. Cartilage cells at the disks undergo mitosis 7. Matrix calcifies due to calcium salts and cartilage cells die. 8. Osteoclasts break down this old matrix at the epiphyseal disk and osteoblasts forms new bone. 9. When diaphysis and epiphyses meet then length of the bone ceases

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formation of the Human Skeleton  In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage  During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone  Cartilage remains in isolated areas  Bridge of the nose  Parts of ribs  Joints

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Marrow & Blood Cell Production (Hematopoiesis) A.. As an embryo blood cells are formed in the yolk sac and as development progresses from the liver and spleen 2 Types of marrow: 1. Yellow Marrow – found in the diaphysis and is a storage for fat 2. Red Marrow – is responsible for hemotopoiesis which forms all blood cells a. found in spongy bone b. as and adult (skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, & pelvis have active red marrow)